4.9 KiB
====== Dissect a bad oneliner ======
<code bash>$ ls *.zip | while read i; do j=echo $i | sed 's/.zip//g'; mkdir $j; cd $j; unzip ../$i; cd ..; done</code>
This is an actual one-liner someone asked about in ''#bash''. There are several things wrong with it. Let's break it down!
<code bash>$ ls *.zip | while read i; do ...; done</code>
(Please read http://mywiki.wooledge.org/ParsingLs.) This command executes ''ls'' on the expansion of ''*.zip''. Assuming there are filenames in the current directory that end in '.zip', ls will give a human-readable list of those names. The output of ls is not for parsing. But in sh and bash alike, we can loop safely over the glob itself:
<code bash>$ for i in *.zip; do j=echo $i | sed 's/.zip//g'; mkdir $j; cd $j; unzip ../$i; cd ..; done</code>
Let's break it down some more!
<code bash>j=echo $i | sed 's/.zip//g' # where $i is some name ending in '.zip'</code>
The goal here seems to be get the filename without its ''.zip'' extension. In fact, there is a POSIX(r)-compliant command to do this: ''basename'' The implementation here is suboptimal in several ways, but the only thing that's genuinely error-prone with this is "''echo $i''". Echoing an //unquoted// variable means wordsplitting will take place, so any whitespace in ''$i'' will essentially be normalized. In ''sh'' it is necessary to use an external command and a subshell to achieve the goal, but we can eliminate the pipe (subshells, external commands, and pipes carry extra overhead when they launch, so they can really hurt performance in a loop). Just for good measure, let's use the more readable, modern ''$()'' construct instead of the old style backticks:
<code bash>sh $ for i in *.zip; do j=$(basename "$i" ".zip"); mkdir $j; cd $j; unzip ../$i; cd ..; done</code>
In Bash we don't need the subshell or the external basename command. See Substring removal with parameter expansion:
<code bash>bash $ for i in *.zip; do j="${i%.zip}"; mkdir $j; cd $j; unzip ../$i; cd ..; done</code>
Let's keep going:
<code bash>$ mkdir $j; cd $j; ...; cd ..</code>
As a programmer, you never know the situation under which your program will run. Even if you do, the following best practice will never hurt: When a following command depends on the success of a previous command(s), check for success! You can do this with the "''&&''" conjunction, that way, if the previous command fails, bash will not try to execute the following command(s). It's fully POSIX(r). Oh, and remember what I said about wordsplitting in the previous step? Well, if you don't quote ''$j'', wordsplitting can happen again.
<code bash>$ mkdir "$j" && cd "$j" && ... && cd ..</code>
That's almost right, but there's one problem -- what happens if ''$j'' contains a slash? Then ''cd ..'' will not return to the original directory. That's wrong! ''cd -'' causes cd to return to the previous working directory, so it's a much better choice:
<code bash>$ mkdir "$j" && cd "$j" && ... && cd -</code>
(If it occurred to you that I forgot to check for success after cd -, good job! You could do this with ''{ cd - || break; }'', but I'm going to leave that out because it's verbose and I think it's likely that we will be able to get back to our original working directory without a problem.)
So now we have:
<code bash>sh $ for i in *.zip; do j=$(basename "$i" ".zip"); mkdir "$j" && cd "$j" && unzip ../$i && cd -; done</code>
<code bash>bash $ for i in *.zip; do j="${i%.zip}"; mkdir "$j" && cd "$j" && unzip ../$i && cd -; done</code>
Let's throw the ''unzip'' command back in the mix:
<code bash>mkdir "$j" && cd "$j" && unzip ../$i && cd -</code>
Well, besides word splitting, there's nothing terribly wrong with this. Still, did it occur to you that unzip might already be able to target a directory? There isn't a standard for the ''unzip'' command, but all the implementations I've seen can do it with the -d flag. So we can drop the cd commands entirely:
<code bash>$ mkdir "$j" && unzip -d "$j" "$i"</code>
<code bash>sh $ for i in *.zip; do j=$(basename "$i" ".zip"); mkdir "$j" && unzip -d "$j" "$i"; done</code>
<code bash>bash $ for i in *.zip; do j="${i%.zip}"; mkdir "$j" && unzip -d "$j" "$i"; done</code>
There! That's as good as it gets.