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Brace expansion
{string1,string2,...,stringN}
{<START>..<END>}
{<START>..<END>..<INCR>} (Bash 4)
<PREFIX>{........}
{........}<SUFFIX>
<PREFIX>{........}<SUFFIX>
Brace expansion is used to generate arbitrary strings. The specified strings are used to generate all possible combinations with the optional surrounding prefixes and suffixes.
Usually it's used to generate mass-arguments for a command, that follow a specific naming-scheme.
:!: It is the very first step in expansion-handling, it's important to understand that. When you use
echo {a,b}$PATH
then the brace expansion does not expand the variable - this is done in a later step. Brace expansion just makes it being:
echo a$PATH b$PATH
Another common pitfall is to assume that a range like {1..200} can be
expressed with variables using {$a..$b}. Due to what I described
above, it simply is not possible, because it's the very first step
in doing expansions. A possible way to achieve this, if you really
can't handle this in another way, is using the eval command, which
basically evaluates a commandline twice: eval echo {$a..$b} For
instance, when embedded inside a for loop :
for i in $(eval echo {$a..$b}) This requires that the entire command
be properly escaped to avoid unexpected expansions. If the sequence
expansion is to be assigned to an array, another method is possible
using declaration commands:
declare -a 'pics=(img{'"$a..$b"'}.png)'; mv "${pics[@]}" ../imgs This
is significantly safer, but one must still be careful to control the
values of $a and $b. Both the exact quoting, and explicitly including
"-a" are important.
The brace expansion is present in two basic forms, string lists and ranges.
It can be switched on and off under runtime by using the set builtin
and the option -B and +B or the long option braceexpand. If brace
expansion is enabled, the stringlist in SHELLOPTS contains
braceexpand.
String lists
{string1,string2,...,stringN}
Without the optional prefix and suffix strings, the result is just a space-separated list of the given strings:
$ echo {I,want,my,money,back}
I want my money back
With prefix or suffix strings, the result is a space-separated list of all possible combinations of prefix or suffix specified strings:
$ echo _{I,want,my,money,back}
_I _want _my _money _back
$ echo {I,want,my,money,back}_
I_ want_ my_ money_ back_
$ echo _{I,want,my,money,back}-
_I- _want- _my- _money- _back-
The brace expansion is only performed, if the given string list is
really a list of strings, i.e., if there is a minimum of one ","
(comma)! Something like {money} doesn't expand to something special,
it's really only the text "{money}".
Ranges
{<START>..<END>}
Brace expansion using ranges is written giving the startpoint and the endpoint of the range. This is a "sequence expression". The sequences can be of two types
- integers (optionally zero padded, optionally with a given increment)
- characters
<!-- -->
$ echo {5..12}
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
$ echo {c..k}
c d e f g h i j k
When you mix these both types, brace expansion is not performed:
$ echo {5..k}
{5..k}
When you zero pad one of the numbers (or both) in a range, then the generated range is zero padded, too:
$ echo {01..10}
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
There's a chapter of Bash 4 brace expansion changes at the end of this article.
Similar to the expansion using stringlists, you can add prefix and suffix strings:
$ echo 1.{0..9}
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
$ echo ---{A..E}---
---A--- ---B--- ---C--- ---D--- ---E---
Combining and nesting
When you combine more brace expansions, you effectively use a brace expansion as prefix or suffix for another one. Let's generate all possible combinations of uppercase letters and digits:
$ echo {A..Z}{0..9}
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
C7 C8 C9 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 F0 F1 F2 F3
F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 G0 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 H0 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 I0
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 K0 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7
K8 K9 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 N0 N1 N2 N3 N4
N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9 P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 Q0 Q1
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
S9 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
V6 V7 V8 V9 W0 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 Y0 Y1 Y2
Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Z0 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9
Hey.. that saves you writing 260 strings!
Brace expansions can be nested, but too much of it usually makes you losing overview a bit ;-)
Here's a sample to generate the alphabet, first the uppercase letters, then the lowercase ones:
$ echo {{A..Z},{a..z}}
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Common use and examples
Massdownload from the Web
In this example, wget is used to download documentation that is split
over several numbered webpages.
wget won't see your braces. It will see 6 different URLs to
download.
wget http://docs.example.com/documentation/slides_part{1,2,3,4,5,6}.html
Of course it's possible, and even easier, to do that with a sequence:
wget http://docs.example.com/documentation/slides_part{1..6}.html
Generate a subdirectory structure
Your life is hard? Let's ease it a bit - that's what shells are here for.
mkdir /home/bash/test/{foo,bar,baz,cat,dog}
Generate numbers with a prefix 001 002 ...
- Using a prefix:
<!-- -->
for i in 0{1..9} 10; do printf "%s\n" "$i";done
If you need to create words with the number embedded, you can use nested brace:
printf "%s\n" img{00{1..9},0{10..99},{100..999}}.png
- Formatting the numbers with printf:
<!-- -->
echo $(printf "img%02d.png " {1..99})
See the text below for a new Bash 4 method.
Repeating arguments or words
somecommand -v -v -v -v -v
Can be written as
somecommand -v{,,,,}
...which is a kind of a hack, but hey, it works.
More fun
The most optimal possible brace expansion to expand n arguments of course consists of n's prime factors. We can use the "factor" program bundled with GNU coreutils to emit a brace expansion that will expand any number of arguments.
function braceify {
[[ $1 == +([[:digit:]]) ]] || return
typeset -a a
read -ra a < <(factor "$1")
eval "echo $(printf '{$(printf ,%%.s {1..%s})}' "${a[@]:1}")"
}
printf 'eval printf "$arg"%s' "$(braceify 1000000)"
"Braceify" generates the expansion code itself. In this example we
inject that output into a template which displays the most terse brace
expansion code that would expand "$arg" 1,000,000 times if evaluated.
In this case, the output is:
eval printf "$arg"{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}
New in Bash 4.0
Zero padded number expansion
Prefix either of the numbers in a numeric range with 0 to pad the
expanded numbers with the correct amount of zeros:
$ echo {0001..5}
0001 0002 0003 0004 0005
Increment
It is now possible to specify an increment using ranges:
{<START>..<END>..<INCR>}
<INCR> is numeric, you can use a negative integer but the correct sign
is deduced from the order of <START> and <END> anyways.
$ echo {1..10..2}
1 3 5 7 9
$ echo {10..1..2}
10 8 6 4 2
Interesting feature: The increment specification also works for letter-ranges:
$ echo {a..z..3}
a d g j m p s v y