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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="The-Z-Shell-Manual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> The Z Shell Manual</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Introduction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Roadmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Roadmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Invocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Invocation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Shell-Grammar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Shell Grammar</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Redirection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Redirection</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Command-Execution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Command Execution</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Jobs-&-Signals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Jobs & Signals</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Arithmetic-Evaluation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Arithmetic Evaluation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Conditional-Expressions.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Conditional Expressions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Prompt-Expansion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Prompt Expansion</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Expansion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> Expansion</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Parameters.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Parameters</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Options.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Options</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Shell-Builtin-Commands.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Shell Builtin Commands</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Zsh-Line-Editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Zsh Line Editor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Completion-Widgets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> Completion Widgets</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Completion-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> Completion System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Completion-Using-compctl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> Completion Using compctl</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Zsh-Modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> Zsh Modules</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Calendar-Function-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.</strong> Calendar Function System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="TCP-Function-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.</strong> TCP Function System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Zftp-Function-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.</strong> Zftp Function System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="User-Contributions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.</strong> User Contributions</a></li></ol>
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<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
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<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong> <em>generated with <a href="https://github.com/thlorenz/doctoc">DocToc</a></em></p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#12-conditional-expressions">12 Conditional Expressions</a></li>
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</ul>
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<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
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<p><span id="Conditional-Expressions"></span> <span
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id="Conditional-Expressions-1"></span></p>
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<h1 id="12-conditional-expressions"><a class="header" href="#12-conditional-expressions">12 Conditional Expressions</a></h1>
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<p><span id="index-conditional-expressions"></span> <span
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id="index-expressions_002c-conditional"></span></p>
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<p>A <em>conditional expression</em> is used with the [[ compound command to
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test attributes of files and to compare strings. Each expression can be
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constructed from one or more of the following unary or binary
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expressions:</p>
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<p>-a <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists.</p>
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<p>-b <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and is a block special file.</p>
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<p>-c <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and is a character special file.</p>
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<p>-d <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and is a directory.</p>
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<p>-e <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists.</p>
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<p>-f <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and is a regular file.</p>
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<p>-g <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and has its setgid bit set.</p>
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<p>-h <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and is a symbolic link.</p>
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<p>-k <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and has its sticky bit set.</p>
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<p>-n <code>string</code><br />
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true if length of <code>string</code> is non-zero.</p>
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<p>-o <code>option</code><br />
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true if option named <code>option</code> is on. <code>option</code> may be a single character,
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in which case it is a single letter option name. (See <a href="Options.html#Specifying-Options">Specifying
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Options</a>.)</p>
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<p>When no option named <code>option</code> exists, and the POSIX_BUILTINS option
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hasn’t been set, return 3 with a warning. If that option is set, return
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1 with no warning.</p>
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<p>-p <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and is a FIFO special file (named pipe).</p>
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<p>-r <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and is readable by current process.</p>
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<p>-s <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and has size greater than zero.</p>
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<p>-t <code>fd</code><br />
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true if file descriptor number <code>fd</code> is open and associated with a
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terminal device. (note: <code>fd</code> is not optional)</p>
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<p>-u <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and has its setuid bit set.</p>
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<p>-v <code>varname</code><br />
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true if shell variable <code>varname</code> is set.</p>
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<p>-w <code>file</code><br />
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-x <code>file</code><br />
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-z <code>string</code><br />
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true if length of <code>string</code> is zero.</p>
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<p>-L <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and is a symbolic link.</p>
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<p>-O <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and is owned by the effective user ID of this
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process.</p>
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<p>-G <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and its group matches the effective group ID of
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this process.</p>
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<p>-S <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and is a socket.</p>
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<p>-N <code>file</code><br />
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true if <code>file</code> exists and its access time is not newer than its
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modification time.</p>
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<p><code>file1</code> -nt <code>file2</code><br />
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true if <code>file1</code> exists and is newer than <code>file2</code>.</p>
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<p><code>file1</code> -ot <code>file2</code><br />
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true if <code>file1</code> exists and is older than <code>file2</code>.</p>
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<p><code>file1</code> -ef <code>file2</code><br />
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true if <code>file1</code> and <code>file2</code> exist and refer to the same file.</p>
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<p><code>string</code> = <code>pattern</code><br />
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<code>string</code> == <code>pattern</code><br />
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true if <code>string</code> matches <code>pattern</code>. The two forms are exactly
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equivalent. The ‘=’ form is the traditional shell syntax (and hence the
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only one generally used with the test and [ builtins); the ‘==’ form
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provides compatibility with other sorts of computer language.</p>
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<p><code>string</code> != <code>pattern</code><br />
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true if <code>string</code> does not match <code>pattern</code>.</p>
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<p><code>string</code> =~ <code>regexp</code><br />
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true if <code>string</code> matches the regular expression <code>regexp</code>. If the option
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RE_MATCH_PCRE is set <code>regexp</code> is tested as a PCRE regular expression
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using the zsh/pcre module, else it is tested as a POSIX extended regular
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expression using the zsh/regex module. Upon successful match, some
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variables will be updated; no variables are changed if the matching
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fails.</p>
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<p>If the option BASH_REMATCH is not set the scalar parameter MATCH is set
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to the substring that matched the pattern and the integer parameters
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MBEGIN and MEND to the index of the start and end, respectively, of the
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match in <code>string</code>, such that if <code>string</code> is contained in variable var
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the expression ‘${var[$MBEGIN,$MEND]}’ is identical to ‘$MATCH’. The
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setting of the option KSH_ARRAYS is respected. Likewise, the array match
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is set to the substrings that matched parenthesised subexpressions and
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the arrays mbegin and mend to the indices of the start and end
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positions, respectively, of the substrings within <code>string</code>. The arrays
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are not set if there were no parenthesised subexpressions. For example,
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if the string ‘a short string’ is matched against the regular expression
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‘s(...)t’, then (assuming the option KSH_ARRAYS is not set) MATCH,
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MBEGIN and MEND are ‘short’, 3 and 7, respectively, while match, mbegin
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and mend are single entry arrays containing the strings ‘hor’, ‘4’ and
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‘6’, respectively.</p>
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<p>If the option BASH_REMATCH is set the array BASH_REMATCH is set to the
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substring that matched the pattern followed by the substrings that
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matched parenthesised subexpressions within the pattern.</p>
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<p><code>string1</code> < <code>string2</code><br />
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true if <code>string1</code> comes before <code>string2</code> based on ASCII value of their
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||
characters.</p>
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||
<p><code>string1</code> > <code>string2</code><br />
|
||
true if <code>string1</code> comes after <code>string2</code> based on ASCII value of their
|
||
characters.</p>
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<p><code>exp1</code> -eq <code>exp2</code><br />
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true if <code>exp1</code> is numerically equal to <code>exp2</code>. Note that for purely
|
||
numeric comparisons use of the ((<code>...</code>)) builtin described in
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||
<a href="Arithmetic-Evaluation.html#Arithmetic-Evaluation">Arithmetic
|
||
Evaluation</a> is more
|
||
convenient than conditional expressions.</p>
|
||
<p><code>exp1</code> -ne <code>exp2</code><br />
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true if <code>exp1</code> is numerically not equal to <code>exp2</code>.</p>
|
||
<p><code>exp1</code> -lt <code>exp2</code><br />
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||
true if <code>exp1</code> is numerically less than <code>exp2</code>.</p>
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||
<p><code>exp1</code> -gt <code>exp2</code><br />
|
||
true if <code>exp1</code> is numerically greater than <code>exp2</code>.</p>
|
||
<p><code>exp1</code> -le <code>exp2</code><br />
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||
true if <code>exp1</code> is numerically less than or equal to <code>exp2</code>.</p>
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||
<p><code>exp1</code> -ge <code>exp2</code><br />
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true if <code>exp1</code> is numerically greater than or equal to <code>exp2</code>.</p>
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||
<p>( <code>exp</code> )<br />
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true if <code>exp</code> is true.</p>
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||
<p>! <code>exp</code><br />
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true if <code>exp</code> is false.</p>
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<p><code>exp1</code> && <code>exp2</code><br />
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true if <code>exp1</code> and <code>exp2</code> are both true.</p>
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<p><code>exp1</code> || <code>exp2</code><br />
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true if either <code>exp1</code> or <code>exp2</code> is true.</p>
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<p>For compatibility, if there is a single argument that is not
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||
syntactically significant, typically a variable, the condition is
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treated as a test for whether the expression expands as a string of
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||
non-zero length. In other words, [[ $var ]] is the same as [[ -n
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||
$var ]]. It is recommended that the second, explicit, form be used
|
||
where possible.</p>
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<p>Normal shell expansion is performed on the <code>file</code>, <code>string</code> and
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||
<code>pattern</code> arguments, but the result of each expansion is constrained to
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||
be a single word, similar to the effect of double quotes.</p>
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||
<p>Filename generation is not performed on any form of argument to
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||
conditions. However, it can be forced in any case where normal shell
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||
expansion is valid and when the option EXTENDED_GLOB is in effect by
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||
using an explicit glob qualifier of the form (#q) at the end of the
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||
string. A normal glob qualifier expression may appear between the ‘q’
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||
and the closing parenthesis; if none appears the expression has no
|
||
effect beyond causing filename generation. The results of filename
|
||
generation are joined together to form a single word, as with the
|
||
results of other forms of expansion.</p>
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||
<p>This special use of filename generation is only available with the [[
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||
syntax. If the condition occurs within the [ or test builtin commands
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||
then globbing occurs instead as part of normal command line expansion
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before the condition is evaluated. In this case it may generate multiple
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||
words which are likely to confuse the syntax of the test command.</p>
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||
<p>For example,</p>
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||
<div class="example">
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||
<pre><code class="language-zsh">[[ -n file*(#qN) ]]
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||
</code></pre>
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||
</div>
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||
<p>produces status zero if and only if there is at least one file in the
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current directory beginning with the string ‘file’. The globbing
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||
qualifier N ensures that the expression is empty if there is no matching
|
||
file.</p>
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||
<p>Pattern metacharacters are active for the <code>pattern</code> arguments; the
|
||
patterns are the same as those used for filename generation, see
|
||
<a href="Expansion.html#Filename-Generation">Filename Generation</a>, but there is
|
||
no special behaviour of ‘/’ nor initial dots, and no glob qualifiers are
|
||
allowed.</p>
|
||
<p>In each of the above expressions, if <code>file</code> is of the form
|
||
‘/dev/fd/<code>n</code>’, where <code>n</code> is an integer, then the test applied to the
|
||
open file whose descriptor number is <code>n</code>, even if the underlying system
|
||
does not support the /dev/fd directory.</p>
|
||
<p>In the forms which do numeric comparison, the expressions <code>exp</code> undergo
|
||
arithmetic expansion as if they were enclosed in $((<code>...</code>)).</p>
|
||
<p>For example, the following:</p>
|
||
<div class="example">
|
||
<pre><code class="language-zsh">[[ ( -f foo || -f bar ) && $report = y* ]] && print File exists.
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>tests if either file foo or file bar exists, and if so, if the value of
|
||
the parameter report begins with ‘y’; if the complete condition is true,
|
||
the message ‘File exists.’ is printed.</p>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<p>This document was generated on <em>May 14, 2022</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html
|
||
5.0</em></a>.<br />
|
||
Zsh version 5.9, released on May 14, 2022.</p>
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