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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="The-Z-Shell-Manual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> The Z Shell Manual</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Introduction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Roadmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Roadmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Invocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Invocation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Shell-Grammar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Shell Grammar</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Redirection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Redirection</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Command-Execution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Command Execution</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Functions.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Jobs-_0026-Signals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Jobs & Signals</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Arithmetic-Evaluation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Arithmetic Evaluation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Conditional-Expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Conditional Expressions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Prompt-Expansion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Prompt Expansion</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Expansion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> Expansion</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Parameters.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Parameters</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Options.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Options</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Shell-Builtin-Commands.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Shell Builtin Commands</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Zsh-Line-Editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Zsh Line Editor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Completion-Widgets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> Completion Widgets</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Completion-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> Completion System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Completion-Using-compctl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> Completion Using compctl</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Zsh-Modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> Zsh Modules</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Calendar-Function-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.</strong> Calendar Function System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="TCP-Function-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.</strong> TCP Function System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Zftp-Function-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.</strong> Zftp Function System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="User-Contributions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.</strong> User Contributions</a></li></ol>
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<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE-RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->
<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong> <em>generated with <a href="https://github.com/thlorenz/doctoc">DocToc</a></em></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#9-functions">9 Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#91-autoloading-functions">9.1 Autoloading Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#92-anonymous-functions">9.2 Anonymous Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#93-special-functions">9.3 Special Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#931-hook-functions">9.3.1 Hook Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#932-trap-functions">9.3.2 Trap Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<p><span id="Functions"></span> <span id="Functions-3"></span></p>
<h1 id="9-functions"><a class="header" href="#9-functions">9 Functions</a></h1>
<p><span id="index-functions"></span>
<span id="index-function_002c-use-of"></span></p>
<p>Shell functions are defined with the <code>function</code> reserved word or the
special syntax ‘<code>funcname</code> <code>()</code>’. Shell functions are read in and stored
internally. Alias names are resolved when the function is read.
Functions are executed like commands with the arguments passed as
positional parameters. (See <a href="Command-Execution.html#Command-Execution">Command
Execution</a>.)</p>
<p>Functions execute in the same process as the caller and share all files
and present working directory with the caller. A trap on <code>EXIT</code> set
inside a function is executed after the function completes in the
environment of the caller.</p>
<p><span id="index-return_002c-use-of"></span></p>
<p>The <code>return</code> builtin is used to return from function calls.</p>
<p><span id="index-functions_002c-use-of"></span></p>
<p>Function identifiers can be listed with the <code>functions</code> builtin.
<span id="index-unfunction_002c-use-of"></span> Functions can be
undefined with the <code>unfunction</code> builtin.</p>
<hr />
<p><span id="Autoloading-Functions"></span></p>
<h2 id="91-autoloading-functions"><a class="header" href="#91-autoloading-functions">9.1 Autoloading Functions</a></h2>
<p><span id="index-autoloading-functions"></span>
<span id="index-functions_002c-autoloading"></span>
<span id="index-autoload_002c-use-of"></span>
<span id="index-fpath_002c-use-of"></span></p>
<p>A function can be marked as <em>undefined</em> using the <code>autoload</code> builtin (or
‘<code>functions -u</code>’ or ‘<code>typeset -fu</code>’). Such a function has no body. When
the function is first executed, the shell searches for its definition
using the elements of the <code>fpath</code> variable. Thus to define functions for
autoloading, a typical sequence is:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">fpath=(~/myfuncs $fpath)
autoload myfunc1 myfunc2 ...
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>The usual alias expansion during reading will be suppressed if the
<code>autoload</code> builtin or its equivalent is given the option <code>-U</code>. This is
recommended for the use of functions supplied with the zsh distribution.
<span id="index-zcompile_002c-use-of"></span> Note that for functions
precompiled with the <code>zcompile</code> builtin command the flag <code>-U</code> must be
provided when the <code>.zwc</code> file is created, as the corresponding
information is compiled into the latter.</p>
<p>For each <code>element</code> in <code>fpath</code>, the shell looks for three possible files,
the newest of which is used to load the definition for the function:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>element``.zwc</code><br />
A file created with the <code>zcompile</code> builtin command, which is
expected to contain the definitions for all functions in the
directory named <code>element</code>. The file is treated in the same manner as
a directory containing files for functions and is searched for the
definition of the function. If the definition is not found, the
search for a definition proceeds with the other two possibilities
described below.</p>
<p>If <code>element</code> already includes a <code>.zwc</code> extension (i.e. the extension
was explicitly given by the user), <code>element</code> is searched for the
definition of the function without comparing its age to that of
other files; in fact, there does not need to be any directory named
<code>element</code> without the suffix. Thus including an element such as
‘<code>/usr/local/funcs.zwc</code>’ in <code>fpath</code> will speed up the search for
functions, with the disadvantage that functions included must be
explicitly recompiled by hand before the shell notices any changes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>element``/``function``.zwc</code><br />
A file created with <code>zcompile</code>, which is expected to contain the
definition for <code>function</code>. It may include other function definitions
as well, but those are neither loaded nor executed; a file found in
this way is searched <em>only</em> for the definition of <code>function</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>element``/``function</code><br />
A file of zsh command text, taken to be the definition for
<code>function</code>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In summary, the order of searching is, first, in the <em>parents of</em>
directories in <code>fpath</code> for the newer of either a compiled directory or a
directory in <code>fpath</code>; second, if more than one of these contains a
definition for the function that is sought, the leftmost in the <code>fpath</code>
is chosen; and third, within a directory, the newer of either a compiled
function or an ordinary function definition is used.</p>
<p><span id="index-KSH_005fAUTOLOAD_002c-use-of"></span></p>
<p>If the <code>KSH_AUTOLOAD</code> option is set, or the file contains only a simple
definition of the function, the file’s contents will be executed. This
will normally define the function in question, but may also perform
initialization, which is executed in the context of the function
execution, and may therefore define local parameters. It is an error if
the function is not defined by loading the file.</p>
<p>Otherwise, the function body (with no surrounding ‘<code>funcname``() {``...``}</code>’) is taken to be the complete contents of the file. This
processing of the file results in the function being re-defined, the
function itself is not re-executed. To force the shell to perform
initialization and then call the function defined, the file should
contain initialization code (which will be executed then discarded) in
addition to a complete function definition (which will be retained for
subsequent calls to the function), and a call to the shell function,
including any arguments, at the end.</p>
<p>For example, suppose the autoload file <code>func</code> contains</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">func() { print This is func; }
print func is initialized
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>then ‘<code>func; func</code>’ with <code>KSH_AUTOLOAD</code> set will produce both messages
on the first call, but only the message ‘<code>This is func</code>’ on the second
and subsequent calls. Without <code>KSH_AUTOLOAD</code> set, it will produce the
initialization message on the first call, and the other message on the
second and subsequent calls.</p>
<p>It is also possible to create a function that is not marked as
autoloaded, but which loads its own definition by searching <code>fpath</code>, by
using ‘<code>autoload -X</code>’ within a shell function. For example, the
following are equivalent:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">myfunc() {
autoload -X
}
myfunc args...
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>and</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">unfunction myfunc # if myfunc was defined
autoload myfunc
myfunc args...
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>In fact, the <code>functions</code> command outputs ‘<code>builtin autoload -X</code>’ as the
body of an autoloaded function. This is done so that</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">eval "$(functions)"
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>produces a reasonable result. A true autoloaded function can be
identified by the presence of the comment ‘<code># undefined</code>’ in the body,
because all comments are discarded from defined functions.</p>
<p>To load the definition of an autoloaded function <code>myfunc</code> without
executing <code>myfunc</code>, use:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">autoload +X myfunc
</code></pre>
</div>
<hr />
<p><span id="Anonymous-Functions"></span></p>
<h2 id="92-anonymous-functions"><a class="header" href="#92-anonymous-functions">9.2 Anonymous Functions</a></h2>
<p><span id="index-anonymous-functions"></span>
<span id="index-functions_002c-anonymous"></span></p>
<p>If no name is given for a function, it is ‘anonymous’ and is handled
specially. Either form of function definition may be used: a ‘<code>()</code>’ with
no preceding name, or a ‘<code>function</code>’ with an immediately following open
brace. The function is executed immediately at the point of definition
and is not stored for future use. The function name is set to
‘<code>(anon)</code>’.</p>
<p>Arguments to the function may be specified as words following the
closing brace defining the function, hence if there are none no
arguments (other than <code>$0</code>) are set. This is a difference from the way
other functions are parsed: normal function definitions may be followed
by certain keywords such as ‘<code>else</code>’ or ‘<code>fi</code>’, which will be treated as
arguments to anonymous functions, so that a newline or semicolon is
needed to force keyword interpretation.</p>
<p>Note also that the argument list of any enclosing script or function is
hidden (as would be the case for any other function called at this
point).</p>
<p>Redirections may be applied to the anonymous function in the same manner
as to a current-shell structure enclosed in braces. The main use of
anonymous functions is to provide a scope for local variables. This is
particularly convenient in start-up files as these do not provide their
own local variable scope.</p>
<p>For example,</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">variable=outside
function {
local variable=inside
print "I am $variable with arguments $*"
} this and that
print "I am $variable"
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>outputs the following:</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">I am inside with arguments this and that
I am outside
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Note that function definitions with arguments that expand to nothing,
for example ‘<code>name=; function $name { ``...`` }</code>’, are not treated
as anonymous functions. Instead, they are treated as normal function
definitions where the definition is silently discarded.</p>
<hr />
<p><span id="Special-Functions"></span></p>
<h2 id="93-special-functions"><a class="header" href="#93-special-functions">9.3 Special Functions</a></h2>
<p>Certain functions, if defined, have special meaning to the shell.</p>
<hr />
<p><span id="Hook-Functions"></span></p>
<h3 id="931-hook-functions"><a class="header" href="#931-hook-functions">9.3.1 Hook Functions</a></h3>
<p><span id="index-functions_002c-hook"></span>
<span id="index-hook-functions"></span></p>
<p>For the functions below, it is possible to define an array that has the
same name as the function with ‘<code>_functions</code>’ appended. Any element in
such an array is taken as the name of a function to execute; it is
executed in the same context and with the same arguments as the basic
function. For example, if <code>$chpwd_functions</code> is an array containing the
values ‘<code>mychpwd</code>’, ‘<code>chpwd_save_dirstack</code>’, then the shell attempts to
execute the functions ‘<code>chpwd</code>’, ‘<code>mychpwd</code>’ and
‘<code>chpwd_save_dirstack</code>’, in that order. Any function that does not
exist is silently ignored. A function found by this mechanism is
referred to elsewhere as a ‘hook function’. An error in any function
causes subsequent functions not to be run. Note further that an error in
a <code>precmd</code> hook causes an immediately following <code>periodic</code> function not
to run (though it may run at the next opportunity).</p>
<p><span id="index-chpwd"></span>
<span id="index-chpwd_005ffunctions"></span></p>
<p><code>chpwd</code></p>
<p>Executed whenever the current working directory is changed.</p>
<p><span id="index-periodic"></span>
<span id="index-periodic_005ffunctions"></span></p>
<p><code>periodic</code></p>
<p><span id="index-PERIOD"></span></p>
<p>If the parameter <code>PERIOD</code> is set, this function is executed every
<code>$PERIOD</code> seconds, just before a prompt. Note that if multiple functions
are defined using the array <code>periodic_functions</code> only one period is
applied to the complete set of functions, and the scheduled time is not
reset if the list of functions is altered. Hence the set of functions is
always called together.</p>
<p><span id="index-precmd"></span>
<span id="index-precmd_005ffunctions"></span></p>
<p><code>precmd</code></p>
<p>Executed before each prompt. Note that precommand functions are not
re-executed simply because the command line is redrawn, as happens, for
example, when a notification about an exiting job is displayed.</p>
<p><span id="index-preexec"></span>
<span id="index-preexec_005ffunctions"></span></p>
<p><code>preexec</code></p>
<p>Executed just after a command has been read and is about to be executed.
If the history mechanism is active (regardless of whether the line was
discarded from the history buffer), the string that the user typed is
passed as the first argument, otherwise it is an empty string. The
actual command that will be executed (including expanded aliases) is
passed in two different forms: the second argument is a single-line,
size-limited version of the command (with things like function bodies
elided); the third argument contains the full text that is being
executed.</p>
<p><span id="index-zshaddhistory"></span>
<span id="index-zshaddhistory_005ffunctions"></span></p>
<p><code>zshaddhistory</code></p>
<p><span id="index-history_002c-hook-when-line-is-saved"></span></p>
<p>Executed when a history line has been read interactively, but before it
is executed. The sole argument is the complete history line (so that any
terminating newline will still be present).</p>
<p>If any of the hook functions returns status 1 (or any non-zero value
other than 2, though this is not guaranteed for future versions of the
shell) the history line will not be saved, although it lingers in the
history until the next line is executed, allowing you to reuse or edit
it immediately.</p>
<p>If any of the hook functions returns status 2 the history line will be
saved on the internal history list, but not written to the history file.
In case of a conflict, the first non-zero status value is taken.</p>
<p>A hook function may call ‘<code>fc -p</code> <code>...</code>’ to switch the history context
so that the history is saved in a different file from the that in the
global <code>HISTFILE</code> parameter. This is handled specially: the history
context is automatically restored after the processing of the history
line is finished.</p>
<p>The following example function works with one of the options
<code>INC_APPEND_HISTORY</code> or <code>SHARE_HISTORY</code> set, in order that the line is
written out immediately after the history entry is added. It first adds
the history line to the normal history with the newline stripped, which
is usually the correct behaviour. Then it switches the history context
so that the line will be written to a history file in the current
directory.</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">zshaddhistory() {
print -sr -- ${1%%$'\n'}
fc -p .zsh_local_history
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<p><span id="index-zshexit"></span>
<span id="index-zshexit_005ffunctions"></span></p>
<p><code>zshexit</code></p>
<p>Executed at the point where the main shell is about to exit normally.
This is not called by exiting subshells, nor when the <code>exec</code> precommand
modifier is used before an external command. Also, unlike <code>TRAPEXIT</code>, it
is not called when functions exit.</p>
<hr />
<p><span id="Trap-Functions"></span></p>
<h3 id="932-trap-functions"><a class="header" href="#932-trap-functions">9.3.2 Trap Functions</a></h3>
<p>The functions below are treated specially but do not have corresponding
hook arrays.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>TRAP``NAL</code><br />
<span id="index-signals_002c-trapping"></span>
<span id="index-trapping-signals"></span></p>
<p>If defined and non-null, this function will be executed whenever the
shell catches a signal <code>SIG``NAL</code>, where <code>NAL</code> is a signal name as
specified for the <code>kill</code> builtin. The signal number will be passed
as the first parameter to the function.</p>
<p>If a function of this form is defined and null, the shell and
processes spawned by it will ignore <code>SIG``NAL</code>.</p>
<p>The return status from the function is handled specially. If it is
zero, the signal is assumed to have been handled, and execution
continues normally. Otherwise, the shell will behave as interrupted
except that the return status of the trap is retained.</p>
<p>Programs terminated by uncaught signals typically return the status
128 plus the signal number. Hence the following causes the handler
for <code>SIGINT</code> to print a message, then mimic the usual effect of the
signal.</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">TRAPINT() {
print "Caught SIGINT, aborting."
return $(( 128 + $1 ))
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>The functions <code>TRAPZERR</code>, <code>TRAPDEBUG</code> and <code>TRAPEXIT</code> are never
executed inside other traps.</p>
<p><span id="index-TRAPDEBUG"></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>TRAPDEBUG</code><br />
If the option <code>DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD</code> is set (as it is by default),
executed before each command; otherwise executed after each command.
See the description of the <code>trap</code> builtin in <a href="Shell-Builtin-Commands.html#Shell-Builtin-Commands">Shell Builtin
Commands</a> for
details of additional features provided in debug traps.</p>
<p><span id="index-TRAPEXIT"></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>TRAPEXIT</code><br />
Executed when the shell exits, or when the current function exits if
defined inside a function. The value of <code>$?</code> at the start of
execution is the exit status of the shell or the return status of
the function exiting.</p>
<p><span id="index-TRAPZERR"></span> <span id="index-TRAPERR"></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>TRAPZERR</code><br />
Executed whenever a command has a non-zero exit status. However, the
function is not executed if the command occurred in a sublist
followed by ‘<code>&&</code>’ or ‘<code>||</code>’; only the final command in a sublist of
this type causes the trap to be executed. The function <code>TRAPERR</code>
acts the same as <code>TRAPZERR</code> on systems where there is no <code>SIGERR</code>
(this is the usual case).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span id="index-trap_002c-use-of"></span></p>
<p>The functions beginning ‘<code>TRAP</code>’ may alternatively be defined with the
<code>trap</code> builtin: this may be preferable for some uses. Setting a trap
with one form removes any trap of the other form for the same signal;
removing a trap in either form removes all traps for the same signal.
The forms</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">TRAPNAL() {
# code
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>(’function traps’) and</p>
<div class="example">
<pre><code class="language-example">trap '
# code
' NAL
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>(’list traps’) are equivalent in most ways, the exceptions being the
following:</p>
<ul>
<li>Function traps have all the properties of normal functions,
appearing in the list of functions and being called with their own
function context rather than the context where the trap was
triggered.</li>
<li>The return status from function traps is special, whereas a return
from a list trap causes the surrounding context to return with the
given status.</li>
<li>Function traps are not reset within subshells, in accordance with
zsh behaviour; list traps are reset, in accordance with POSIX
behaviour.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<p>This document was generated on <em>February 15, 2020</em> using
<a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 5.0</em></a>.<br />
Zsh version 5.8, released on February 14, 2020.</p>
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