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This commit is contained in:
Jeffrey Serio 2021-05-17 10:00:52 -05:00
parent a494946c73
commit 499681ce43
160 changed files with 65516 additions and 67 deletions
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0
generate_summary.py → gen_summ_manual.py
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20
make_mdbook.sh
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@ -36,15 +36,9 @@ for file in "${_zsh_html_src_dir}"/*.html; do
sed -i '/\[\]{#/d' "$file"
done
# Rename file extensions from html to md, preserving the original file's name,
# and move them to _zsh_md_src for staging
for file in "${_zsh_html_src_dir}"/*.html; do
mv -- "$file" "${_zsh_md_src_dir}/$(basename -- "$file" .html).md"
done
# Convert html to md with pandoc
for file in "${_zsh_md_src_dir}"/*.md; do
pandoc "$file" -f html -t gfm -o "$file";
for file in "${_zsh_html_src_dir}"/*.html; do
pandoc "$file" -f html -t gfm -o "${_zsh_md_src_dir}/$(basename -- "$file" .html).md";
done
# Move md files to mdbook_src_dir
@ -56,13 +50,13 @@ done
doctoc "${_mdbook_src_dir}"/*.md
# Generate SUMMARY.md from zsh_toc.html
python3 "${PWD}/generate_summary.py" > "${_mdbook_src_dir}/SUMMARY.md"
python3 "${PWD}/gen_summ_manual.py" > "${_mdbook_src_dir}/SUMMARY.md"
# Copy md files to mdbook src
# First ensure the src directory is empty
rm -rf "${PWD}/src"
mkdir "${PWD}/src"
cp -rf "${_mdbook_src_dir}"/* "${PWD}/src/"
rm -rf "${PWD}/zsh_manual/src"
mkdir "${PWD}/zsh_manual/src"
cp -rf "${_mdbook_src_dir}"/* "${PWD}/zsh_manual/src/"
# Cleanup zsh_doc_tmp
rm -rf "${_zsh_doc_tmp_dir}"
rm -rf "${_zsh_doc_tmp_dir}"

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zsh_guide/book.toml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
[book]
authors = ["Jeffrey Serio"]
language = "en"
multilingual = false
src = "src"
title = "Zsh User's Guide"

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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
<head>
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<base href="/">
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
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<link rel="icon" href="favicon.svg">
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var path_to_root = "";
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<script type="text/javascript">
try {
var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
}
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
}
} catch (e) { }
</script>
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var theme;
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
var html = document.querySelector('html');
html.classList.remove('no-js')
html.classList.remove('light')
html.classList.add(theme);
html.classList.add('js');
</script>
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if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
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sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
}
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
</script>
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="zshguide.html">A User's Guide to the Z-Shell</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> A short introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> What to put in your startup files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Dealing with basic shell syntax</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> The Z-Shell Line Editor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Substitutions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Completion, old and new</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Modules and other bits and pieces Not written</a></li></ol>
</div>
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<button id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
<button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
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<h1 class="menu-title">Zsh User&#x27;s Guide</h1>
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Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
});
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</main>
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</div>
<!-- Livereload script (if served using the cli tool) -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var socket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:3000/__livereload");
socket.onmessage = function (event) {
if (event.data === "reload") {
socket.close();
location.reload();
}
};
window.onbeforeunload = function() {
socket.close();
}
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.playground_copyable = true;
</script>
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<script src="searcher.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="clipboard.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="highlight.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
<head>
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>A User&#x27;s Guide to the Z-Shell - Zsh User&#x27;s Guide</title>
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.svg">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.png">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/variables.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/general.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/chrome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/print.css" media="print">
<!-- Fonts -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="fonts/fonts.css">
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="highlight.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="tomorrow-night.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="ayu-highlight.css">
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
</head>
<body>
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var path_to_root = "";
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light";
</script>
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
<script type="text/javascript">
try {
var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
}
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
}
} catch (e) { }
</script>
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var theme;
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
var html = document.querySelector('html');
html.classList.remove('no-js')
html.classList.remove('light')
html.classList.add(theme);
html.classList.add('js');
</script>
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var html = document.querySelector('html');
var sidebar = 'hidden';
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
}
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
</script>
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="zshguide.html">A User's Guide to the Z-Shell</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> A short introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> What to put in your startup files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Dealing with basic shell syntax</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> The Z-Shell Line Editor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Substitutions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Completion, old and new</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Modules and other bits and pieces Not written</a></li></ol>
</div>
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</ul>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Zsh User&#x27;s Guide</h1>
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link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
});
</script>
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<main>
<hr />
<h1 id="a-users-guide-to-the-z-shell"><a class="header" href="#a-users-guide-to-the-z-shell">A User's Guide to the Z-Shell</a></h1>
<h2 id="peter-stephenson"><a class="header" href="#peter-stephenson">Peter Stephenson</a></h2>
<h2 id="20030323"><a class="header" href="#20030323">2003/03/23</a></h2>
<h1 id="table-of-contents"><a class="header" href="#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></h1>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide01htmll1chapter-1-a-short-introductiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide01htmll1chapter-1-a-short-introductiona"><a href="zshguide01.html#l1">Chapter 1: A short introduction</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide01htmll211-other-shells-and-other-guidesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide01htmll211-other-shells-and-other-guidesa"><a href="zshguide01.html#l2">1.1: Other shells and other guides</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide01htmll312-versions-of-zsha"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide01htmll312-versions-of-zsha"><a href="zshguide01.html#l3">1.2: Versions of zsh</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide01htmll413-conventionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide01htmll413-conventionsa"><a href="zshguide01.html#l4">1.3: Conventions</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide01htmll514-acknowledgmentsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide01htmll514-acknowledgmentsa"><a href="zshguide01.html#l5">1.4: Acknowledgments</a></a></h3>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll6chapter-2-what-to-put-in-your-startup-filesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll6chapter-2-what-to-put-in-your-startup-filesa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l6">Chapter 2: What to put in your startup files</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll721-types-of-shell-interactive-and-login-shellsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll721-types-of-shell-interactive-and-login-shellsa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l7">2.1: Types of shell: interactive and login shells</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l8">2.1.1: What is a login shell? Simple tests</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll922-all-the-startup-filesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll922-all-the-startup-filesa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l9">2.2: All the startup files</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll1023-optionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll1023-optionsa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l10">2.3: Options</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll1124-parametersa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll1124-parametersa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l11">2.4: Parameters</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l12">2.4.1: Arrays</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll1325-what-to-put-in-your-startup-filesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll1325-what-to-put-in-your-startup-filesa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l13">2.5: What to put in your startup files</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l14">2.5.1: Compatibility options: <code>SH_WORD_SPLIT</code> and
others</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l15">2.5.2: Options for csh junkies</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l16">2.5.3: The history mechanism: types of history</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l17">2.5.4: Setting up history</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l18">2.5.5: History options</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l19">2.5.6: Prompts</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l20">2.5.7: Named directories</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l21">2.5.8: `Go faster' options for power users</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l22">2.5.9: aliases</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l23">2.5.10: Environment variables</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l24">2.5.11: Path</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l25">2.5.12: Mail</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l26">2.5.13: Other path-like things</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l27">2.5.14: Version-specific things</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l28">2.5.15: Everything else</a></p>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll29chapter-3-dealing-with-basic-shell-syntaxa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll29chapter-3-dealing-with-basic-shell-syntaxa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l29">Chapter 3: Dealing with basic shell syntax</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll3031-external-commandsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll3031-external-commandsa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l30">3.1: External commands</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll3132-builtin-commandsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll3132-builtin-commandsa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l31">3.2: Builtin commands</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l32">3.2.1: Builtins for printing</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l33">3.2.2: Other builtins just for speed</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l34">3.2.3: Builtins which change the shell's state</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l35">3.2.4: cd and friends</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l36">3.2.5: Command control and information commands</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l37">3.2.6: Parameter control</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l38">3.2.7: History control commands</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l39">3.2.8: Job control and process control</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l40">3.2.9: Terminals, users, etc.</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l41">3.2.10: Syntactic oddments</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l42">3.2.11: More precommand modifiers: <code>exec</code>,
<code>noglob</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l43">3.2.12: Testing things</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l44">3.2.13: Handling options to functions and scripts</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l45">3.2.14: Random file control things</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l46">3.2.15: Don't watch this space, watch some other</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l47">3.2.16: And also</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll4833-functionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll4833-functionsa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l48">3.3: Functions</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l49">3.3.1: Loading functions</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l50">3.3.2: Function parameters</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l51">3.3.3: Compiling functions</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll5234-aliasesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll5234-aliasesa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l52">3.4: Aliases</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll5335-command-summarya"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll5335-command-summarya"><a href="zshguide03.html#l53">3.5: Command summary</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll5436-expansions-and-quotesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll5436-expansions-and-quotesa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l54">3.6: Expansions and quotes</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l55">3.6.1: History expansion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l56">3.6.2: Alias expansion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l57">3.6.3: Process, parameter, command, arithmetic and brace
expansion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l58">3.6.4: Filename Expansion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l59">3.6.5: Filename Generation</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll6037-redirection-greater-thans-and-less-thansa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll6037-redirection-greater-thans-and-less-thansa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l60">3.7: Redirection: greater-thans and less-thans</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l61">3.7.1: Clobber</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l62">3.7.2: File descriptors</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l63">3.7.3: Appending, here documents, here strings, read
write</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l64">3.7.4: Clever tricks: exec and other file
descriptors</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l65">3.7.5: Multios</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll6638-shell-syntax-loops-subshells-and-so-ona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll6638-shell-syntax-loops-subshells-and-so-ona"><a href="zshguide03.html#l66">3.8: Shell syntax: loops, (sub)shells and so on</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l67">3.8.1: Logical command connectors</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l68">3.8.2: Structures</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l69">3.8.3: Subshells and current shell constructs</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l70">3.8.4: Subshells and current shells</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll7139-emulation-and-portabilitya"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll7139-emulation-and-portabilitya"><a href="zshguide03.html#l71">3.9: Emulation and portability</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l72">3.9.1: Differences in detail</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l73">3.9.2: Making your own scripts and functions
portable</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll74310-running-scriptsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll74310-running-scriptsa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l74">3.10: Running scripts</a></a></h3>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll75chapter-4-the-z-shell-line-editora"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll75chapter-4-the-z-shell-line-editora"><a href="zshguide04.html#l75">Chapter 4: The Z-Shell Line Editor</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll7641-introducing-zlea"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll7641-introducing-zlea"><a href="zshguide04.html#l76">4.1: Introducing zle</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l77">4.1.1: The simple facts</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l78">4.1.2: Vi mode</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll7942-basic-editinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll7942-basic-editinga"><a href="zshguide04.html#l79">4.2: Basic editing</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l80">4.2.1: Moving</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l81">4.2.2: Deleting</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l82">4.2.3: More deletion</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll8343-fancier-editinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll8343-fancier-editinga"><a href="zshguide04.html#l83">4.3: Fancier editing</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l84">4.3.1: Options controlling zle</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l85">4.3.2: The minibuffer and extended commands</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l86">4.3.3: Prefix (digit) arguments</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l87">4.3.4: Words, regions and marks</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l88">4.3.5: Regions and marks</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll8944-history-and-searchinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll8944-history-and-searchinga"><a href="zshguide04.html#l89">4.4: History and searching</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l90">4.4.1: Moving through the history</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l91">4.4.2: Searching through the history</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l92">4.4.3: Extracting words from the history</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll9345-binding-keys-and-handling-keymapsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll9345-binding-keys-and-handling-keymapsa"><a href="zshguide04.html#l93">4.5: Binding keys and handling keymaps</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l94">4.5.1: Simple key bindings</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l95">4.5.2: Removing key bindings</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l96">4.5.3: Function keys and so on</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l97">4.5.4: Binding strings instead of commands</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l98">4.5.5: Keymaps</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll9946-advanced-editinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll9946-advanced-editinga"><a href="zshguide04.html#l99">4.6: Advanced editing</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l100">4.6.1: Multi-line editing</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l101">4.6.2: The builtin vared and the function zed</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l102">4.6.3: The buffer stack</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll10347-extending-zlea"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll10347-extending-zlea"><a href="zshguide04.html#l103">4.7: Extending zle</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l104">4.7.1: Widgets</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l105">4.7.2: Executing other widgets</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l106">4.7.3: Some special builtin widgets and their
uses</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l107">4.7.4: Special parameters: normal text</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l108">4.7.5: Other special parameters</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l109">4.7.6: Reading keys and using the minibuffer</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l110">4.7.7: Examples</a></p>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll111chapter-5-substitutionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll111chapter-5-substitutionsa"><a href="zshguide05.html#l111">Chapter 5: Substitutions</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll11251-quotinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll11251-quotinga"><a href="zshguide05.html#l112">5.1: Quoting</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l113">5.1.1: Backslashes</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l114">5.1.2: Single quotes</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l115">5.1.3: POSIX quotes</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l116">5.1.4: Double quotes</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l117">5.1.5: Backquotes</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll11852-modifiers-and-what-they-modifya"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll11852-modifiers-and-what-they-modifya"><a href="zshguide05.html#l118">5.2: Modifiers and what they modify</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll11953-process-substitutiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll11953-process-substitutiona"><a href="zshguide05.html#l119">5.3: Process Substitution</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll12054-parameter-substitutiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll12054-parameter-substitutiona"><a href="zshguide05.html#l120">5.4: Parameter substitution</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l121">5.4.1: Using arrays</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l122">5.4.2: Using associative arrays</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l123">5.4.3: Substituted substitutions, top- and tailing,
etc.</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l124">5.4.4: Flags for options: splitting and joining</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l125">5.4.5: Flags for options: <code>GLOB_SUBST</code> and
<code>RC_EXPAND_PARAM</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l126">5.4.6: Yet more parameter flags</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l127">5.4.7: A couple of parameter substitution tricks</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l128">5.4.8: Nested parameter substitutions</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll12955-that-substitution-againa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll12955-that-substitution-againa"><a href="zshguide05.html#l129">5.5: That substitution again</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll13056-arithmetic-expansiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll13056-arithmetic-expansiona"><a href="zshguide05.html#l130">5.6: Arithmetic Expansion</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l131">5.6.1: Entering and outputting bases</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l132">5.6.2: Parameter typing</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll13357-brace-expansion-and-arraysa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll13357-brace-expansion-and-arraysa"><a href="zshguide05.html#l133">5.7: Brace Expansion and Arrays</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll13458-filename-expansiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll13458-filename-expansiona"><a href="zshguide05.html#l134">5.8: Filename Expansion</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll13559-filename-generation-and-pattern-matchinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll13559-filename-generation-and-pattern-matchinga"><a href="zshguide05.html#l135">5.9: Filename Generation and Pattern Matching</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l136">5.9.1: Comparing patterns and regular
expressions</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l137">5.9.2: Standard features</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l138">5.9.3: Extensions usually available</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l139">5.9.4: Extensions requiring <code>EXTENDED_GLOB</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l140">5.9.5: Recursive globbing</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l141">5.9.6: Glob qualifiers</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l142">5.9.7: Globbing flags: alter the behaviour of
matches</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l143">5.9.8: The function <code>zmv</code></a></p>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll144chapter-6-completion-old-and-newa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll144chapter-6-completion-old-and-newa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l144">Chapter 6: Completion, old and new</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll14561-completion-and-expansiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll14561-completion-and-expansiona"><a href="zshguide06.html#l145">6.1: Completion and expansion</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll14662-configuring-completion-using-shell-optionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll14662-configuring-completion-using-shell-optionsa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l146">6.2: Configuring completion using shell options</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l147">6.2.1: Ambiguous completions</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l148">6.2.2: <code>ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l149">6.2.3: Menu completion and menu selection</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l150">6.2.4: Other ways of changing completion
behaviour</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l151">6.2.5: Changing the way completions are
displayed</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll15263-getting-started-with-new-completiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll15263-getting-started-with-new-completiona"><a href="zshguide06.html#l152">6.3: Getting started with new completion</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll15364-how-the-shell-finds-the-right-completionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll15364-how-the-shell-finds-the-right-completionsa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l153">6.4: How the shell finds the right completions</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l154">6.4.1: Contexts</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l155">6.4.2: Tags</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll15665-configuring-completion-using-stylesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll15665-configuring-completion-using-stylesa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l156">6.5: Configuring completion using styles</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l157">6.5.1: Specifying completers and their options</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l158">6.5.2: Changing the format of listings: groups
etc.</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l159">6.5.3: Styles affecting particular completions</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll16066-command-widgetsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll16066-command-widgetsa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l160">6.6: Command widgets</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l161">6.6.1: <code>_complete_help</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l162">6.6.2: <code>_correct_word</code>, <code>_correct_filename</code>,
<code>_expand_word</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l163">6.6.3: <code>_history_complete_word</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l164">6.6.4: <code>_most_recent_file</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l165">6.6.5: <code>_next_tags</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l166">6.6.6: <code>_bash_completions</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l167">6.6.7: <code>_read_comp</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l168">6.6.8: <code>_generic</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l169">6.6.9: <code>predict-on</code>, <code>incremental-complete-word</code></a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll17067-matching-control-and-controlling-where-things-are-inserteda"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll17067-matching-control-and-controlling-where-things-are-inserteda"><a href="zshguide06.html#l170">6.7: Matching control and controlling where things are inserted</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l171">6.7.1: Case-insensitive matching</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l172">6.7.2: Matching option names</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l173">6.7.3: Partial word completion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l174">6.7.4: Substring completion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l175">6.7.5: Partial words with capitals</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l176">6.7.6: Final notes</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll17768-tutoriala"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll17768-tutoriala"><a href="zshguide06.html#l177">6.8: Tutorial</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l178">6.8.1: The dispatcher</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l179">6.8.2: Subcommand completion: <code>_arguments</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l180">6.8.3: Completing particular argument types</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l181">6.8.4: The rest</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll18269-writing-new-completion-functions-and-widgetsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll18269-writing-new-completion-functions-and-widgetsa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l182">6.9: Writing new completion functions and widgets</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l183">6.9.1: Loading completion functions: <code>compdef</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l184">6.9.2: Adding a set of completions: <code>compadd</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l185">6.9.3: Functions for generating filenames, etc.</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l186">6.9.4: The <code>zsh/parameter</code> module</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l187">6.9.5: Special completion parameters and
<code>compset</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l188">6.9.6: Fancier completion: using the tags and styles
mechanism</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l189">6.9.7: Getting the work done for you: handling arguments
etc.</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l190">6.9.8: More completion utility functions</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll191610-finallya"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll191610-finallya"><a href="zshguide06.html#l191">6.10: Finally</a></a></h3>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide07htmll192chapter-7-modules-and-other-bits-and-pieces-not-writtena"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide07htmll192chapter-7-modules-and-other-bits-and-pieces-not-writtena"><a href="zshguide07.html#l192">Chapter 7: Modules and other bits and pieces <em>Not written</em></a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide07htmll19371-control-over-modules-zmodloada"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide07htmll19371-control-over-modules-zmodloada"><a href="zshguide07.html#l193">7.1: Control over modules: <code>zmodload</code></a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide07.html#l194">7.1.1: Modules defining parameters</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide07.html#l195">7.1.2: Low-level system interaction</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide07.html#l196">7.1.3: ZFTP</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide07htmll19772-contributed-bitsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide07htmll19772-contributed-bitsa"><a href="zshguide07.html#l197">7.2: Contributed bits</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide07.html#l198">7.2.1: Prompt themes</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide07htmll19973-whats-new-in-41a"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide07htmll19973-whats-new-in-41a"><a href="zshguide07.html#l199">7.3: What's new in 4.1</a></a></h3>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide08htmll200appendix-1-obtaining-zsh-and-getting-more-information-not-writtena"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide08htmll200appendix-1-obtaining-zsh-and-getting-more-information-not-writtena"><a href="zshguide08.html#l200">Appendix 1: Obtaining zsh and getting more information <em>Not written</em></a></a></h2>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="zshguide.html" class="active">A User's Guide to the Z-Shell</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> A short introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> What to put in your startup files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Dealing with basic shell syntax</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> The Z-Shell Line Editor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Substitutions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Completion, old and new</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Modules and other bits and pieces Not written</a></li></ol>
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<h1 id="a-users-guide-to-the-z-shell"><a class="header" href="#a-users-guide-to-the-z-shell">A User's Guide to the Z-Shell</a></h1>
<h2 id="peter-stephenson"><a class="header" href="#peter-stephenson">Peter Stephenson</a></h2>
<h2 id="20030323"><a class="header" href="#20030323">2003/03/23</a></h2>
<h1 id="table-of-contents"><a class="header" href="#table-of-contents">Table of Contents</a></h1>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide01htmll1chapter-1-a-short-introductiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide01htmll1chapter-1-a-short-introductiona"><a href="zshguide01.html#l1">Chapter 1: A short introduction</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide01htmll211-other-shells-and-other-guidesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide01htmll211-other-shells-and-other-guidesa"><a href="zshguide01.html#l2">1.1: Other shells and other guides</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide01htmll312-versions-of-zsha"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide01htmll312-versions-of-zsha"><a href="zshguide01.html#l3">1.2: Versions of zsh</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide01htmll413-conventionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide01htmll413-conventionsa"><a href="zshguide01.html#l4">1.3: Conventions</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide01htmll514-acknowledgmentsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide01htmll514-acknowledgmentsa"><a href="zshguide01.html#l5">1.4: Acknowledgments</a></a></h3>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll6chapter-2-what-to-put-in-your-startup-filesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll6chapter-2-what-to-put-in-your-startup-filesa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l6">Chapter 2: What to put in your startup files</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll721-types-of-shell-interactive-and-login-shellsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll721-types-of-shell-interactive-and-login-shellsa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l7">2.1: Types of shell: interactive and login shells</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l8">2.1.1: What is a login shell? Simple tests</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll922-all-the-startup-filesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll922-all-the-startup-filesa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l9">2.2: All the startup files</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll1023-optionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll1023-optionsa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l10">2.3: Options</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll1124-parametersa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll1124-parametersa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l11">2.4: Parameters</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l12">2.4.1: Arrays</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide02htmll1325-what-to-put-in-your-startup-filesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide02htmll1325-what-to-put-in-your-startup-filesa"><a href="zshguide02.html#l13">2.5: What to put in your startup files</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l14">2.5.1: Compatibility options: <code>SH_WORD_SPLIT</code> and
others</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l15">2.5.2: Options for csh junkies</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l16">2.5.3: The history mechanism: types of history</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l17">2.5.4: Setting up history</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l18">2.5.5: History options</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l19">2.5.6: Prompts</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l20">2.5.7: Named directories</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l21">2.5.8: `Go faster' options for power users</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l22">2.5.9: aliases</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l23">2.5.10: Environment variables</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l24">2.5.11: Path</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l25">2.5.12: Mail</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l26">2.5.13: Other path-like things</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l27">2.5.14: Version-specific things</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide02.html#l28">2.5.15: Everything else</a></p>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll29chapter-3-dealing-with-basic-shell-syntaxa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll29chapter-3-dealing-with-basic-shell-syntaxa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l29">Chapter 3: Dealing with basic shell syntax</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll3031-external-commandsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll3031-external-commandsa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l30">3.1: External commands</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll3132-builtin-commandsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll3132-builtin-commandsa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l31">3.2: Builtin commands</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l32">3.2.1: Builtins for printing</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l33">3.2.2: Other builtins just for speed</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l34">3.2.3: Builtins which change the shell's state</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l35">3.2.4: cd and friends</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l36">3.2.5: Command control and information commands</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l37">3.2.6: Parameter control</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l38">3.2.7: History control commands</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l39">3.2.8: Job control and process control</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l40">3.2.9: Terminals, users, etc.</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l41">3.2.10: Syntactic oddments</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l42">3.2.11: More precommand modifiers: <code>exec</code>,
<code>noglob</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l43">3.2.12: Testing things</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l44">3.2.13: Handling options to functions and scripts</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l45">3.2.14: Random file control things</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l46">3.2.15: Don't watch this space, watch some other</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l47">3.2.16: And also</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll4833-functionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll4833-functionsa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l48">3.3: Functions</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l49">3.3.1: Loading functions</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l50">3.3.2: Function parameters</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l51">3.3.3: Compiling functions</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll5234-aliasesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll5234-aliasesa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l52">3.4: Aliases</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll5335-command-summarya"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll5335-command-summarya"><a href="zshguide03.html#l53">3.5: Command summary</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll5436-expansions-and-quotesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll5436-expansions-and-quotesa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l54">3.6: Expansions and quotes</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l55">3.6.1: History expansion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l56">3.6.2: Alias expansion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l57">3.6.3: Process, parameter, command, arithmetic and brace
expansion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l58">3.6.4: Filename Expansion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l59">3.6.5: Filename Generation</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll6037-redirection-greater-thans-and-less-thansa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll6037-redirection-greater-thans-and-less-thansa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l60">3.7: Redirection: greater-thans and less-thans</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l61">3.7.1: Clobber</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l62">3.7.2: File descriptors</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l63">3.7.3: Appending, here documents, here strings, read
write</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l64">3.7.4: Clever tricks: exec and other file
descriptors</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l65">3.7.5: Multios</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll6638-shell-syntax-loops-subshells-and-so-ona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll6638-shell-syntax-loops-subshells-and-so-ona"><a href="zshguide03.html#l66">3.8: Shell syntax: loops, (sub)shells and so on</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l67">3.8.1: Logical command connectors</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l68">3.8.2: Structures</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l69">3.8.3: Subshells and current shell constructs</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l70">3.8.4: Subshells and current shells</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll7139-emulation-and-portabilitya"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll7139-emulation-and-portabilitya"><a href="zshguide03.html#l71">3.9: Emulation and portability</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l72">3.9.1: Differences in detail</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide03.html#l73">3.9.2: Making your own scripts and functions
portable</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide03htmll74310-running-scriptsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide03htmll74310-running-scriptsa"><a href="zshguide03.html#l74">3.10: Running scripts</a></a></h3>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll75chapter-4-the-z-shell-line-editora"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll75chapter-4-the-z-shell-line-editora"><a href="zshguide04.html#l75">Chapter 4: The Z-Shell Line Editor</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll7641-introducing-zlea"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll7641-introducing-zlea"><a href="zshguide04.html#l76">4.1: Introducing zle</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l77">4.1.1: The simple facts</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l78">4.1.2: Vi mode</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll7942-basic-editinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll7942-basic-editinga"><a href="zshguide04.html#l79">4.2: Basic editing</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l80">4.2.1: Moving</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l81">4.2.2: Deleting</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l82">4.2.3: More deletion</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll8343-fancier-editinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll8343-fancier-editinga"><a href="zshguide04.html#l83">4.3: Fancier editing</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l84">4.3.1: Options controlling zle</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l85">4.3.2: The minibuffer and extended commands</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l86">4.3.3: Prefix (digit) arguments</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l87">4.3.4: Words, regions and marks</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l88">4.3.5: Regions and marks</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll8944-history-and-searchinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll8944-history-and-searchinga"><a href="zshguide04.html#l89">4.4: History and searching</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l90">4.4.1: Moving through the history</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l91">4.4.2: Searching through the history</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l92">4.4.3: Extracting words from the history</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll9345-binding-keys-and-handling-keymapsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll9345-binding-keys-and-handling-keymapsa"><a href="zshguide04.html#l93">4.5: Binding keys and handling keymaps</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l94">4.5.1: Simple key bindings</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l95">4.5.2: Removing key bindings</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l96">4.5.3: Function keys and so on</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l97">4.5.4: Binding strings instead of commands</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l98">4.5.5: Keymaps</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll9946-advanced-editinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll9946-advanced-editinga"><a href="zshguide04.html#l99">4.6: Advanced editing</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l100">4.6.1: Multi-line editing</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l101">4.6.2: The builtin vared and the function zed</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l102">4.6.3: The buffer stack</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide04htmll10347-extending-zlea"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide04htmll10347-extending-zlea"><a href="zshguide04.html#l103">4.7: Extending zle</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l104">4.7.1: Widgets</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l105">4.7.2: Executing other widgets</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l106">4.7.3: Some special builtin widgets and their
uses</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l107">4.7.4: Special parameters: normal text</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l108">4.7.5: Other special parameters</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l109">4.7.6: Reading keys and using the minibuffer</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide04.html#l110">4.7.7: Examples</a></p>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll111chapter-5-substitutionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll111chapter-5-substitutionsa"><a href="zshguide05.html#l111">Chapter 5: Substitutions</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll11251-quotinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll11251-quotinga"><a href="zshguide05.html#l112">5.1: Quoting</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l113">5.1.1: Backslashes</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l114">5.1.2: Single quotes</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l115">5.1.3: POSIX quotes</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l116">5.1.4: Double quotes</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l117">5.1.5: Backquotes</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll11852-modifiers-and-what-they-modifya"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll11852-modifiers-and-what-they-modifya"><a href="zshguide05.html#l118">5.2: Modifiers and what they modify</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll11953-process-substitutiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll11953-process-substitutiona"><a href="zshguide05.html#l119">5.3: Process Substitution</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll12054-parameter-substitutiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll12054-parameter-substitutiona"><a href="zshguide05.html#l120">5.4: Parameter substitution</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l121">5.4.1: Using arrays</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l122">5.4.2: Using associative arrays</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l123">5.4.3: Substituted substitutions, top- and tailing,
etc.</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l124">5.4.4: Flags for options: splitting and joining</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l125">5.4.5: Flags for options: <code>GLOB_SUBST</code> and
<code>RC_EXPAND_PARAM</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l126">5.4.6: Yet more parameter flags</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l127">5.4.7: A couple of parameter substitution tricks</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l128">5.4.8: Nested parameter substitutions</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll12955-that-substitution-againa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll12955-that-substitution-againa"><a href="zshguide05.html#l129">5.5: That substitution again</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll13056-arithmetic-expansiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll13056-arithmetic-expansiona"><a href="zshguide05.html#l130">5.6: Arithmetic Expansion</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l131">5.6.1: Entering and outputting bases</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l132">5.6.2: Parameter typing</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll13357-brace-expansion-and-arraysa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll13357-brace-expansion-and-arraysa"><a href="zshguide05.html#l133">5.7: Brace Expansion and Arrays</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll13458-filename-expansiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll13458-filename-expansiona"><a href="zshguide05.html#l134">5.8: Filename Expansion</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide05htmll13559-filename-generation-and-pattern-matchinga"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide05htmll13559-filename-generation-and-pattern-matchinga"><a href="zshguide05.html#l135">5.9: Filename Generation and Pattern Matching</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l136">5.9.1: Comparing patterns and regular
expressions</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l137">5.9.2: Standard features</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l138">5.9.3: Extensions usually available</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l139">5.9.4: Extensions requiring <code>EXTENDED_GLOB</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l140">5.9.5: Recursive globbing</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l141">5.9.6: Glob qualifiers</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l142">5.9.7: Globbing flags: alter the behaviour of
matches</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide05.html#l143">5.9.8: The function <code>zmv</code></a></p>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll144chapter-6-completion-old-and-newa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll144chapter-6-completion-old-and-newa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l144">Chapter 6: Completion, old and new</a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll14561-completion-and-expansiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll14561-completion-and-expansiona"><a href="zshguide06.html#l145">6.1: Completion and expansion</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll14662-configuring-completion-using-shell-optionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll14662-configuring-completion-using-shell-optionsa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l146">6.2: Configuring completion using shell options</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l147">6.2.1: Ambiguous completions</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l148">6.2.2: <code>ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l149">6.2.3: Menu completion and menu selection</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l150">6.2.4: Other ways of changing completion
behaviour</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l151">6.2.5: Changing the way completions are
displayed</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll15263-getting-started-with-new-completiona"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll15263-getting-started-with-new-completiona"><a href="zshguide06.html#l152">6.3: Getting started with new completion</a></a></h3>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll15364-how-the-shell-finds-the-right-completionsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll15364-how-the-shell-finds-the-right-completionsa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l153">6.4: How the shell finds the right completions</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l154">6.4.1: Contexts</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l155">6.4.2: Tags</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll15665-configuring-completion-using-stylesa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll15665-configuring-completion-using-stylesa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l156">6.5: Configuring completion using styles</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l157">6.5.1: Specifying completers and their options</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l158">6.5.2: Changing the format of listings: groups
etc.</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l159">6.5.3: Styles affecting particular completions</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll16066-command-widgetsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll16066-command-widgetsa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l160">6.6: Command widgets</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l161">6.6.1: <code>_complete_help</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l162">6.6.2: <code>_correct_word</code>, <code>_correct_filename</code>,
<code>_expand_word</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l163">6.6.3: <code>_history_complete_word</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l164">6.6.4: <code>_most_recent_file</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l165">6.6.5: <code>_next_tags</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l166">6.6.6: <code>_bash_completions</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l167">6.6.7: <code>_read_comp</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l168">6.6.8: <code>_generic</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l169">6.6.9: <code>predict-on</code>, <code>incremental-complete-word</code></a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll17067-matching-control-and-controlling-where-things-are-inserteda"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll17067-matching-control-and-controlling-where-things-are-inserteda"><a href="zshguide06.html#l170">6.7: Matching control and controlling where things are inserted</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l171">6.7.1: Case-insensitive matching</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l172">6.7.2: Matching option names</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l173">6.7.3: Partial word completion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l174">6.7.4: Substring completion</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l175">6.7.5: Partial words with capitals</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l176">6.7.6: Final notes</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll17768-tutoriala"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll17768-tutoriala"><a href="zshguide06.html#l177">6.8: Tutorial</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l178">6.8.1: The dispatcher</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l179">6.8.2: Subcommand completion: <code>_arguments</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l180">6.8.3: Completing particular argument types</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l181">6.8.4: The rest</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll18269-writing-new-completion-functions-and-widgetsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll18269-writing-new-completion-functions-and-widgetsa"><a href="zshguide06.html#l182">6.9: Writing new completion functions and widgets</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l183">6.9.1: Loading completion functions: <code>compdef</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l184">6.9.2: Adding a set of completions: <code>compadd</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l185">6.9.3: Functions for generating filenames, etc.</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l186">6.9.4: The <code>zsh/parameter</code> module</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l187">6.9.5: Special completion parameters and
<code>compset</code></a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l188">6.9.6: Fancier completion: using the tags and styles
mechanism</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l189">6.9.7: Getting the work done for you: handling arguments
etc.</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide06.html#l190">6.9.8: More completion utility functions</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide06htmll191610-finallya"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide06htmll191610-finallya"><a href="zshguide06.html#l191">6.10: Finally</a></a></h3>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide07htmll192chapter-7-modules-and-other-bits-and-pieces-not-writtena"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide07htmll192chapter-7-modules-and-other-bits-and-pieces-not-writtena"><a href="zshguide07.html#l192">Chapter 7: Modules and other bits and pieces <em>Not written</em></a></a></h2>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide07htmll19371-control-over-modules-zmodloada"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide07htmll19371-control-over-modules-zmodloada"><a href="zshguide07.html#l193">7.1: Control over modules: <code>zmodload</code></a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide07.html#l194">7.1.1: Modules defining parameters</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide07.html#l195">7.1.2: Low-level system interaction</a></p>
<p><a href="zshguide07.html#l196">7.1.3: ZFTP</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide07htmll19772-contributed-bitsa"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide07htmll19772-contributed-bitsa"><a href="zshguide07.html#l197">7.2: Contributed bits</a></a></h3>
<p><a href="zshguide07.html#l198">7.2.1: Prompt themes</a></p>
<h3 id="a-hrefzshguide07htmll19973-whats-new-in-41a"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide07htmll19973-whats-new-in-41a"><a href="zshguide07.html#l199">7.3: What's new in 4.1</a></a></h3>
<h2 id="a-hrefzshguide08htmll200appendix-1-obtaining-zsh-and-getting-more-information-not-writtena"><a class="header" href="#a-hrefzshguide08htmll200appendix-1-obtaining-zsh-and-getting-more-information-not-writtena"><a href="zshguide08.html#l200">Appendix 1: Obtaining zsh and getting more information <em>Not written</em></a></a></h2>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="zshguide.html">A User's Guide to the Z-Shell</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide01.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> A short introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> What to put in your startup files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Dealing with basic shell syntax</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> The Z-Shell Line Editor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Substitutions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Completion, old and new</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Modules and other bits and pieces Not written</a></li></ol>
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<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong> <em>generated with <a href="https://github.com/thlorenz/doctoc">DocToc</a></em></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#chapter-1-a-short-introduction">Chapter 1: A short introduction</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#11-other-shells-and-other-guides">1.1: Other shells and other guides</a></li>
<li><a href="#12-versions-of-zsh">1.2: Versions of zsh</a></li>
<li><a href="#13-conventions">1.3: Conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#14-acknowledgments">1.4: Acknowledgments</a></li>
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<p><span id="intro"></span><span id="l1"></span></p>
<h1 id="chapter-1-a-short-introduction"><a class="header" href="#chapter-1-a-short-introduction">Chapter 1: A short introduction</a></h1>
<p>The Z-Shell, `zsh' for short, is a command interpreter for UNIX
systems, or in UNIX jargon, a `shell', because it wraps around the
commands you use. More than that, however, zsh is a particularly
powerful shell --- and it's free, and under regular maintenance --- with
lots of interactive features allowing you to do the maximum work with
the minimum fuss. Of course, for that you need to know what the shell
can do and how, and that's what this guide is for.</p>
<p>The most basic basics: I shall assume you have access to a UNIX system,
otherwise the rest of this is not going to be much use. You can also use
zsh under Windows by installing Cygwin, which provides a UNIX-like
environment for programmes --- given the weakness of the standard
Windows command interpreter, this is a good thing to do. There are ports
of older versions of zsh to Windows which run natively, i.e. without a
UNIX environment, although these have a slightly different behaviour in
some respects and I won't talk about them further.</p>
<p>I'll also assume some basic knowledge of UNIX; you should know how the
filesystem works, i.e. what <code>/home/users/pws/.zshrc</code> and <code>../file</code> mean,
and some basic commands, for example <code>ls</code>, and you should have
experience with using <code>rm</code> to delete completely the wrong file by
accident, and that sort of thing. In something like `<code>rm file</code>', I will
often refer to the `command' (<code>rm</code>, of course) and the `argument(s)'
(anything else coming after the command which is used by it), and to the
complete thing you typed in one go as the `command line'.</p>
<p>You're also going to need zsh itself; if you're reading this, you may
well already have it, but if you don't, you or your system administrator
should read <a href="zshguide08.html#appa">Appendix A</a>. For now, we'll suppose
you're sitting in front of a terminal with zsh already running.</p>
<p>Now to the shell. After you log in, you probably see some prompt (a
series of symbols on the screen indicating that you can input a
command), such as `<code>$</code>' or `<code>%</code>', possibly with some other text in
front --- later, we'll see how you can change that text in interesting
ways. That prompt comes from the shell. Type `<code>print hello</code>', then
backspace over `<code>hello</code>' and type `<code>goodbye</code>'. Now hit the `Return'
key (or `Enter' key, I'll just say <code>&lt;RET&gt;</code> from now on, likewise
<code>&lt;TAB&gt;</code> for the tab key, <code>&lt;SPC&gt;</code> for the space key); unless you have a
serious practical-joker problem on your system, you will see
`<code>goodbye</code>', and the shell will come back with another prompt. All of
the time up to when you hit <code>&lt;RET&gt;</code>, you were interacting with the shell
and its editor, called `Z-Shell Line Editor' or `zle' for short; only
then did the shell go away and tell the <code>print</code> command to print out a
message. So you can see that the shell is important.</p>
<p>However, if all you're doing is typing simple commands like that, why do
you need anything complicated? In that case, you don't; but real life's
not that simple. In the rest of this guide, I describe how, with zsh's
help, you can:</p>
<ul>
<li>customise the environment in which you work, by using startup files,</li>
<li>write your own commands to shorten tasks and store things in shell
variables (`parameters') so you don't have to remember them,</li>
<li>use zle to minimise the amount of typing you have to do --- in zsh,
you can even edit small files that way,</li>
<li>pick the files you want to use for a particular command such as <code>mv</code>
or <code>ls</code> using zsh's very sophisticated filename generation (known
colloquially as `globbing') system,</li>
<li>tell the editor what sort of arguments you use with particular
commands, so that you only need to type part of the name and it will
complete the rest, using zsh's unrivalled programmable completion
system,</li>
<li>use the extra add-ons (`modules') supplied with the latest version
of zsh to do other things you usually can't do in a shell at all.</li>
</ul>
<p>That's only a tiny sample. Since there's so much to say, this guide will
concentrate on the things zsh does best, and in particular the things it
has which other shells don't. The next chapter gives a few of the
basics, by trying to explain how to set the shell up the way you want
it. Like the rest of the guide, it's not intended to be exhaustive, for
which you should look at the shell manual.</p>
<p>Some other things you should probably know straight away. First, the
shell is always running, even when the command you typed is running,
too; the shell simply hangs around waiting for it to finish: you may
know from other shells about putting commands in the <strong>background</strong> by
putting an `<code>&amp;</code>' after the command, which means that the shell doesn't
wait for them to finish. The shell is there even if the command's in the
foreground, but in this case doing nothing.</p>
<p>Second, it doesn't just run other people's commands, it has some of its
own, called <strong>builtin commands</strong> or just <strong>builtins</strong>, and you can even
add your own commands as lists of instructions to the shell called
<strong>functions</strong>; builtins and functions always run in the shell itself.
That's important to know, because things which don't run in the shell
itself can't affect it, and hence can't alter parameters, functions,
aliases, and all the other things I shall talk about.</p>
<p><span id="l2"></span></p>
<h2 id="11-other-shells-and-other-guides"><a class="header" href="#11-other-shells-and-other-guides">1.1: Other shells and other guides</a></h2>
<p>If you want a basic grounding in how shells work, what their syntax is
(i.e. how to write commands), and how to write scripts and functions,
you should read one of the many books on the subject. In particular, you
will get most out of a book that describes the Korn shell (ksh), as zsh
is very similar to this --- so similar that it will be worth my while
pointing out differences as we go along, since they can confuse ksh
users. Recent versions of zsh can emulate ksh (strictly, the 1988
version of ksh, although there are increasingly features from the 1993
version) quite closely, although it's not perfect, and less perfect the
more closely you look. However, it's important to realise that if you
just start up any old zsh there is no guarantee that it will be set up
to work like ksh; unless you or your system adminstrator have changed
some settings, it certainly won't be. You might not see that straight
away, but it affects the shell in subtle ways. I will talk about
emulation a bit more later on.</p>
<p>A few other shells are worth mentioning. The grandfather of all UNIX
shells is sh, now known as the Bourne shell but originally just referred
to as `the shell'. The story is similar to ksh: zsh can emulate sh
quite closely (much more closely than ksh, since sh is considerably
simpler), but in general you need to make sure it's set up to do that
before you can be sure it will emulate sh.</p>
<p>You may also come across the `Bourne-Again Shell', bash. This is a
freely-available enhancement of sh written by the GNU project --- but it
is not always enhanced along the lines of ksh, and hence in many ways it
is very different from zsh. On some free UNIX-like systems such as
Linux/GNU (which is what people usually mean by Linux), the command sh
is really bash, so there you should be extra careful when trying to
ensure that something which runs under the so-called `sh' will also run
under zsh. Some Linux systems also have another simpler Bourne shell
clone, ash; as it's simpler, it's more like the original Bourne shell.</p>
<p>Some more modern operating systems talk about `the POSIX shell'. This
is an attempt to standardize UNIX shells; it's most like the Korn shell,
although, a bit confusingly, it's often just called sh, because the
standard says that it should be. Usually, this just means you get a bit
extra free with your sh and it still does what you expect. Zsh has made
some attempts to fit the standard, but you have to tell it to --- again,
simply starting up `zsh' will not have the right settings for that.</p>
<p>There is another common family of shells with, unfortunately,
incompatible syntax. The source of this family is the C-Shell, csh, so
called because its syntax looks more like the C programming language.
This became widespread when the only other shell available was sh
because csh had better interactive features, such as job control. It was
then enhanced to make tcsh, which has many of the interactive features
you will also find in zsh, and so became very popular. Despite these
common features, the syntax of zsh is very different, so you should not
try and use csh/tcsh commands beyond the very simplest in zsh; but if
you are a tcsh user, you will find virtually every capability you are
used to in zsh somewhere, plus a lot more.</p>
<p><span id="l3"></span></p>
<h2 id="12-versions-of-zsh"><a class="header" href="#12-versions-of-zsh">1.2: Versions of zsh</a></h2>
<p>At the time of writing, the most recent version of zsh available for
widespread use was 4.0.6. You will commonly find two sets of older zsh's
around. The 3.0 series, of which the last release was 3.0.9, was a
stable release, with only bug fixes since the first release of zsh 3.
The 3.1 series were beta versions, with lots of new features; the last
of these, 3.1.9, was not so different from 4.0.1; the main change is
that the shell has now been declared stable, so that as with zsh 3 there
will be a set of bug fixes, labelled 4.0, and a set with new functions
in, labelled 4.1. As 4.0 replaces all zsh 3 versions, I will try to keep
things simple and talk about that; but every now and then it will be
helpful to point out where older versions were different.</p>
<p>One notable feature of zsh is the completion of command line arguments.
The system changed in 3.1.6 and 3.1.7 to make it a lot more
configurable, and (provided you keep your wits about you) a little less
obscure. I therefore won't describe the old completion system, which
used the `compctl' command, in any detail; a very brief introduction is
given in the zsh FAQ. The old system remains available, however we
strongly recommend new users to start with the new one. See <a href="zshguide06.html#comp">chapter
6</a> `Completion, old and new' for the lowdown on
new-style completion.</p>
<p>There won't be a big difference between 4.0 and 4.1, just bug fixes and
a few evolutionary changes, plus some extra modules. There will be some
notes in <a href="zshguide07.html#ragbag">chapter 7</a> about new features in 4.1,
but nothing you write for 4.0 is likely to become obsolete in the
foreseeable future.</p>
<p><span id="l4"></span></p>
<h2 id="13-conventions"><a class="header" href="#13-conventions">1.3: Conventions</a></h2>
<p>Most of what I say will be reasonably self-contained (which means I use
phrases like `as I said before' and `as I'll discuss later on' more
than a real stylist would like, and the number times I refer to other
chapters is excessive), but there are some points I should perhaps draw
your attention to before you leap in.</p>
<p>I will often write chunks of code as you would put them in a file for
execution (a `script' or a `function', the differences to be discussed
<em>passim</em>):</p>
<pre><code> if [[ $ZSH_VERSION = 3.* ]]; then
print This is a release of the third version of zsh.
else
print This is either very new or very old.
fi
</code></pre>
<p>but sometimes I will show both what you type into a shell interactively,
and what the shell throws back at you:</p>
<pre><code> % print $ZSH_VERSION
3.1.9
% print $CPUTYPE
i586
</code></pre>
<p>Here, `<code>%</code>' shows the prompt the shell puts up to tell you it is
expecting input (and the space immediately after is part of it).
Actually, you probably see something before the percent sign like the
name of the machine or your user name, or maybe something fancier. I've
pruned it to the minimum to avoid confusion, and kept it as reminder
that this is the line you type.</p>
<p>If you're reading an electronic version of this guide, and want to copy
lines with the `<code>%</code>' in front into a terminal to be executed, there's a
neat way of doing this where you don't even have to edit the line first:</p>
<pre><code> alias %=' '
</code></pre>
<p>Then <code>%</code> at the start of a line is turned into nothing whatsoever; the
space just indicates that any following aliases should be expanded. So
the line `<code>% print $CPUTYPE</code>' will ignore the `<code>%</code>' and execute the
rest of the line. (I hope it's obvious, but your <em>own</em> prompt is always
ignored; this is just if you copy the prompts from the guide into the
shell.)</p>
<p>There are lots of different types of object in zsh, but one of the most
common is parameters, which I will always show with a `<code>$</code>' sign in
front, like `<code>$ZSH_VERSION</code>', to remind you they are parameters. You
need to remember that when you're setting or fiddling with the parameter
itself, rather than its value, you omit the `<code>$</code>'. When you do and
don't need it should become clearer as we go along.</p>
<p>The other objects I'll show specially are shell options --- choices
about how the shell is to work --- which I write like this:
`<code>SH_WORD_SPLIT</code>', `<code>NO_NOMATCH</code>', `<code>ZLE</code>'. Again, that's not the
whole story since whenever the shell expects options you can write them
in upper or lower case with as many or as few underscores as you like;
and often in code chunks I'll use the simplest form instead:
`<code>shwordsplit</code>', `<code>nonomatch</code>', `<code>zle</code>'. If you're philosophical you
can think of it as expressing the category difference between talking
about programming and actual programming, but really it's just me being
inconsistent.</p>
<p>You may find it odd that I use three hyphens to signify a dash. That's
actually a convention used in the printed version of this guide, which
is made with LaTeX. One day, I will turn this into a macro and it will
appear properly in other versions; but then, one day the universe will
come to an end.</p>
<p><span id="l5"></span></p>
<h2 id="14-acknowledgments"><a class="header" href="#14-acknowledgments">1.4: Acknowledgments</a></h2>
<p>I am grateful for comments from various zsh users. In particular, I have
had detailed comments and corrections from Bart Schaefer, Sven `Mr
Completion' Wischnowsky and Oliver Kiddle. It's usual to add that any
remaining errors are my own, but that's so stark staringly obvious as to
be ridiculous. I mean, who wrote this? Never mind.</p>
<p>Most of this written on one or another release of Linux Mandrake (a
derivative of Red Hat), with the usual GNU and XFree86 tools. Since all
of this was free, it only seems fair to say `thank you' for the gift.
It also works a lot better than the operating system that came with this
particular PC.</p>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="zshguide.html">A User's Guide to the Z-Shell</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> A short introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> What to put in your startup files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Dealing with basic shell syntax</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> The Z-Shell Line Editor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Substitutions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Completion, old and new</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="zshguide07.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Modules and other bits and pieces Not written</a></li></ol>
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<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE-RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->
<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong> <em>generated with <a href="https://github.com/thlorenz/doctoc">DocToc</a></em></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#chapter-7-modules-and-other-bits-and-pieces-not-written">Chapter 7: Modules and other bits and pieces <em>Not written</em></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#71-control-over-modules-zmodload">7.1: Control over modules: <code>zmodload</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#711-modules-defining-parameters">7.1.1: Modules defining parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#712-low-level-system-interaction">7.1.2: Low-level system interaction</a></li>
<li><a href="#713-zftp">7.1.3: ZFTP</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#72-contributed-bits">7.2: Contributed bits</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#721-prompt-themes">7.2.1: Prompt themes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#73-whats-new-in-41">7.3: What's new in 4.1</a></li>
</ul>
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<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<p><span id="ragbag"></span><span id="l192"></span></p>
<h1 id="chapter-7-modules-and-other-bits-and-pieces-not-written"><a class="header" href="#chapter-7-modules-and-other-bits-and-pieces-not-written">Chapter 7: Modules and other bits and pieces <em>Not written</em></a></h1>
<p><span id="l193"></span></p>
<h2 id="71-control-over-modules-zmodload"><a class="header" href="#71-control-over-modules-zmodload">7.1: Control over modules: <code>zmodload</code></a></h2>
<p><span id="l194"></span></p>
<h3 id="711-modules-defining-parameters"><a class="header" href="#711-modules-defining-parameters">7.1.1: Modules defining parameters</a></h3>
<p><span id="l195"></span></p>
<h3 id="712-low-level-system-interaction"><a class="header" href="#712-low-level-system-interaction">7.1.2: Low-level system interaction</a></h3>
<p><span id="l196"></span></p>
<h3 id="713-zftp"><a class="header" href="#713-zftp">7.1.3: ZFTP</a></h3>
<p><span id="l197"></span></p>
<h2 id="72-contributed-bits"><a class="header" href="#72-contributed-bits">7.2: Contributed bits</a></h2>
<p><span id="l198"></span></p>
<h3 id="721-prompt-themes"><a class="header" href="#721-prompt-themes">7.2.1: Prompt themes</a></h3>
<p><span id="l199"></span></p>
<h2 id="73-whats-new-in-41"><a class="header" href="#73-whats-new-in-41">7.3: What's new in 4.1</a></h2>
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# Summary
[A User's Guide to the Z-Shell](./zshguide.md)
- [A short introduction](./zshguide01.md)
- [What to put in your startup files](./zshguide02.md)
- [Dealing with basic shell syntax](./zshguide03.md)
- [The Z-Shell Line Editor](./zshguide04.md)
- [Substitutions](./zshguide05.md)
- [Completion, old and new](./zshguide06.md)
- [Modules and other bits and pieces *Not written*](./zshguide07.md)

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-----
# A User's Guide to the Z-Shell
## Peter Stephenson
## 2003/03/23
# Table of Contents
## [Chapter 1: A short introduction](zshguide01.html#l1)
### [1.1: Other shells and other guides](zshguide01.html#l2)
### [1.2: Versions of zsh](zshguide01.html#l3)
### [1.3: Conventions](zshguide01.html#l4)
### [1.4: Acknowledgments](zshguide01.html#l5)
## [Chapter 2: What to put in your startup files](zshguide02.html#l6)
### [2.1: Types of shell: interactive and login shells](zshguide02.html#l7)
[2.1.1: What is a login shell? Simple tests](zshguide02.html#l8)
### [2.2: All the startup files](zshguide02.html#l9)
### [2.3: Options](zshguide02.html#l10)
### [2.4: Parameters](zshguide02.html#l11)
[2.4.1: Arrays](zshguide02.html#l12)
### [2.5: What to put in your startup files](zshguide02.html#l13)
[2.5.1: Compatibility options: `SH_WORD_SPLIT` and
others](zshguide02.html#l14)
[2.5.2: Options for csh junkies](zshguide02.html#l15)
[2.5.3: The history mechanism: types of history](zshguide02.html#l16)
[2.5.4: Setting up history](zshguide02.html#l17)
[2.5.5: History options](zshguide02.html#l18)
[2.5.6: Prompts](zshguide02.html#l19)
[2.5.7: Named directories](zshguide02.html#l20)
[2.5.8: \`Go faster' options for power users](zshguide02.html#l21)
[2.5.9: aliases](zshguide02.html#l22)
[2.5.10: Environment variables](zshguide02.html#l23)
[2.5.11: Path](zshguide02.html#l24)
[2.5.12: Mail](zshguide02.html#l25)
[2.5.13: Other path-like things](zshguide02.html#l26)
[2.5.14: Version-specific things](zshguide02.html#l27)
[2.5.15: Everything else](zshguide02.html#l28)
## [Chapter 3: Dealing with basic shell syntax](zshguide03.html#l29)
### [3.1: External commands](zshguide03.html#l30)
### [3.2: Builtin commands](zshguide03.html#l31)
[3.2.1: Builtins for printing](zshguide03.html#l32)
[3.2.2: Other builtins just for speed](zshguide03.html#l33)
[3.2.3: Builtins which change the shell's state](zshguide03.html#l34)
[3.2.4: cd and friends](zshguide03.html#l35)
[3.2.5: Command control and information commands](zshguide03.html#l36)
[3.2.6: Parameter control](zshguide03.html#l37)
[3.2.7: History control commands](zshguide03.html#l38)
[3.2.8: Job control and process control](zshguide03.html#l39)
[3.2.9: Terminals, users, etc.](zshguide03.html#l40)
[3.2.10: Syntactic oddments](zshguide03.html#l41)
[3.2.11: More precommand modifiers: `exec`,
`noglob`](zshguide03.html#l42)
[3.2.12: Testing things](zshguide03.html#l43)
[3.2.13: Handling options to functions and scripts](zshguide03.html#l44)
[3.2.14: Random file control things](zshguide03.html#l45)
[3.2.15: Don't watch this space, watch some other](zshguide03.html#l46)
[3.2.16: And also](zshguide03.html#l47)
### [3.3: Functions](zshguide03.html#l48)
[3.3.1: Loading functions](zshguide03.html#l49)
[3.3.2: Function parameters](zshguide03.html#l50)
[3.3.3: Compiling functions](zshguide03.html#l51)
### [3.4: Aliases](zshguide03.html#l52)
### [3.5: Command summary](zshguide03.html#l53)
### [3.6: Expansions and quotes](zshguide03.html#l54)
[3.6.1: History expansion](zshguide03.html#l55)
[3.6.2: Alias expansion](zshguide03.html#l56)
[3.6.3: Process, parameter, command, arithmetic and brace
expansion](zshguide03.html#l57)
[3.6.4: Filename Expansion](zshguide03.html#l58)
[3.6.5: Filename Generation](zshguide03.html#l59)
### [3.7: Redirection: greater-thans and less-thans](zshguide03.html#l60)
[3.7.1: Clobber](zshguide03.html#l61)
[3.7.2: File descriptors](zshguide03.html#l62)
[3.7.3: Appending, here documents, here strings, read
write](zshguide03.html#l63)
[3.7.4: Clever tricks: exec and other file
descriptors](zshguide03.html#l64)
[3.7.5: Multios](zshguide03.html#l65)
### [3.8: Shell syntax: loops, (sub)shells and so on](zshguide03.html#l66)
[3.8.1: Logical command connectors](zshguide03.html#l67)
[3.8.2: Structures](zshguide03.html#l68)
[3.8.3: Subshells and current shell constructs](zshguide03.html#l69)
[3.8.4: Subshells and current shells](zshguide03.html#l70)
### [3.9: Emulation and portability](zshguide03.html#l71)
[3.9.1: Differences in detail](zshguide03.html#l72)
[3.9.2: Making your own scripts and functions
portable](zshguide03.html#l73)
### [3.10: Running scripts](zshguide03.html#l74)
## [Chapter 4: The Z-Shell Line Editor](zshguide04.html#l75)
### [4.1: Introducing zle](zshguide04.html#l76)
[4.1.1: The simple facts](zshguide04.html#l77)
[4.1.2: Vi mode](zshguide04.html#l78)
### [4.2: Basic editing](zshguide04.html#l79)
[4.2.1: Moving](zshguide04.html#l80)
[4.2.2: Deleting](zshguide04.html#l81)
[4.2.3: More deletion](zshguide04.html#l82)
### [4.3: Fancier editing](zshguide04.html#l83)
[4.3.1: Options controlling zle](zshguide04.html#l84)
[4.3.2: The minibuffer and extended commands](zshguide04.html#l85)
[4.3.3: Prefix (digit) arguments](zshguide04.html#l86)
[4.3.4: Words, regions and marks](zshguide04.html#l87)
[4.3.5: Regions and marks](zshguide04.html#l88)
### [4.4: History and searching](zshguide04.html#l89)
[4.4.1: Moving through the history](zshguide04.html#l90)
[4.4.2: Searching through the history](zshguide04.html#l91)
[4.4.3: Extracting words from the history](zshguide04.html#l92)
### [4.5: Binding keys and handling keymaps](zshguide04.html#l93)
[4.5.1: Simple key bindings](zshguide04.html#l94)
[4.5.2: Removing key bindings](zshguide04.html#l95)
[4.5.3: Function keys and so on](zshguide04.html#l96)
[4.5.4: Binding strings instead of commands](zshguide04.html#l97)
[4.5.5: Keymaps](zshguide04.html#l98)
### [4.6: Advanced editing](zshguide04.html#l99)
[4.6.1: Multi-line editing](zshguide04.html#l100)
[4.6.2: The builtin vared and the function zed](zshguide04.html#l101)
[4.6.3: The buffer stack](zshguide04.html#l102)
### [4.7: Extending zle](zshguide04.html#l103)
[4.7.1: Widgets](zshguide04.html#l104)
[4.7.2: Executing other widgets](zshguide04.html#l105)
[4.7.3: Some special builtin widgets and their
uses](zshguide04.html#l106)
[4.7.4: Special parameters: normal text](zshguide04.html#l107)
[4.7.5: Other special parameters](zshguide04.html#l108)
[4.7.6: Reading keys and using the minibuffer](zshguide04.html#l109)
[4.7.7: Examples](zshguide04.html#l110)
## [Chapter 5: Substitutions](zshguide05.html#l111)
### [5.1: Quoting](zshguide05.html#l112)
[5.1.1: Backslashes](zshguide05.html#l113)
[5.1.2: Single quotes](zshguide05.html#l114)
[5.1.3: POSIX quotes](zshguide05.html#l115)
[5.1.4: Double quotes](zshguide05.html#l116)
[5.1.5: Backquotes](zshguide05.html#l117)
### [5.2: Modifiers and what they modify](zshguide05.html#l118)
### [5.3: Process Substitution](zshguide05.html#l119)
### [5.4: Parameter substitution](zshguide05.html#l120)
[5.4.1: Using arrays](zshguide05.html#l121)
[5.4.2: Using associative arrays](zshguide05.html#l122)
[5.4.3: Substituted substitutions, top- and tailing,
etc.](zshguide05.html#l123)
[5.4.4: Flags for options: splitting and joining](zshguide05.html#l124)
[5.4.5: Flags for options: `GLOB_SUBST` and
`RC_EXPAND_PARAM`](zshguide05.html#l125)
[5.4.6: Yet more parameter flags](zshguide05.html#l126)
[5.4.7: A couple of parameter substitution tricks](zshguide05.html#l127)
[5.4.8: Nested parameter substitutions](zshguide05.html#l128)
### [5.5: That substitution again](zshguide05.html#l129)
### [5.6: Arithmetic Expansion](zshguide05.html#l130)
[5.6.1: Entering and outputting bases](zshguide05.html#l131)
[5.6.2: Parameter typing](zshguide05.html#l132)
### [5.7: Brace Expansion and Arrays](zshguide05.html#l133)
### [5.8: Filename Expansion](zshguide05.html#l134)
### [5.9: Filename Generation and Pattern Matching](zshguide05.html#l135)
[5.9.1: Comparing patterns and regular
expressions](zshguide05.html#l136)
[5.9.2: Standard features](zshguide05.html#l137)
[5.9.3: Extensions usually available](zshguide05.html#l138)
[5.9.4: Extensions requiring `EXTENDED_GLOB`](zshguide05.html#l139)
[5.9.5: Recursive globbing](zshguide05.html#l140)
[5.9.6: Glob qualifiers](zshguide05.html#l141)
[5.9.7: Globbing flags: alter the behaviour of
matches](zshguide05.html#l142)
[5.9.8: The function `zmv`](zshguide05.html#l143)
## [Chapter 6: Completion, old and new](zshguide06.html#l144)
### [6.1: Completion and expansion](zshguide06.html#l145)
### [6.2: Configuring completion using shell options](zshguide06.html#l146)
[6.2.1: Ambiguous completions](zshguide06.html#l147)
[6.2.2: `ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT`](zshguide06.html#l148)
[6.2.3: Menu completion and menu selection](zshguide06.html#l149)
[6.2.4: Other ways of changing completion
behaviour](zshguide06.html#l150)
[6.2.5: Changing the way completions are
displayed](zshguide06.html#l151)
### [6.3: Getting started with new completion](zshguide06.html#l152)
### [6.4: How the shell finds the right completions](zshguide06.html#l153)
[6.4.1: Contexts](zshguide06.html#l154)
[6.4.2: Tags](zshguide06.html#l155)
### [6.5: Configuring completion using styles](zshguide06.html#l156)
[6.5.1: Specifying completers and their options](zshguide06.html#l157)
[6.5.2: Changing the format of listings: groups
etc.](zshguide06.html#l158)
[6.5.3: Styles affecting particular completions](zshguide06.html#l159)
### [6.6: Command widgets](zshguide06.html#l160)
[6.6.1: `_complete_help`](zshguide06.html#l161)
[6.6.2: `_correct_word`, `_correct_filename`,
`_expand_word`](zshguide06.html#l162)
[6.6.3: `_history_complete_word`](zshguide06.html#l163)
[6.6.4: `_most_recent_file`](zshguide06.html#l164)
[6.6.5: `_next_tags`](zshguide06.html#l165)
[6.6.6: `_bash_completions`](zshguide06.html#l166)
[6.6.7: `_read_comp`](zshguide06.html#l167)
[6.6.8: `_generic`](zshguide06.html#l168)
[6.6.9: `predict-on`, `incremental-complete-word`](zshguide06.html#l169)
### [6.7: Matching control and controlling where things are inserted](zshguide06.html#l170)
[6.7.1: Case-insensitive matching](zshguide06.html#l171)
[6.7.2: Matching option names](zshguide06.html#l172)
[6.7.3: Partial word completion](zshguide06.html#l173)
[6.7.4: Substring completion](zshguide06.html#l174)
[6.7.5: Partial words with capitals](zshguide06.html#l175)
[6.7.6: Final notes](zshguide06.html#l176)
### [6.8: Tutorial](zshguide06.html#l177)
[6.8.1: The dispatcher](zshguide06.html#l178)
[6.8.2: Subcommand completion: `_arguments`](zshguide06.html#l179)
[6.8.3: Completing particular argument types](zshguide06.html#l180)
[6.8.4: The rest](zshguide06.html#l181)
### [6.9: Writing new completion functions and widgets](zshguide06.html#l182)
[6.9.1: Loading completion functions: `compdef`](zshguide06.html#l183)
[6.9.2: Adding a set of completions: `compadd`](zshguide06.html#l184)
[6.9.3: Functions for generating filenames, etc.](zshguide06.html#l185)
[6.9.4: The `zsh/parameter` module](zshguide06.html#l186)
[6.9.5: Special completion parameters and
`compset`](zshguide06.html#l187)
[6.9.6: Fancier completion: using the tags and styles
mechanism](zshguide06.html#l188)
[6.9.7: Getting the work done for you: handling arguments
etc.](zshguide06.html#l189)
[6.9.8: More completion utility functions](zshguide06.html#l190)
### [6.10: Finally](zshguide06.html#l191)
## [Chapter 7: Modules and other bits and pieces *Not written*](zshguide07.html#l192)
### [7.1: Control over modules: `zmodload`](zshguide07.html#l193)
[7.1.1: Modules defining parameters](zshguide07.html#l194)
[7.1.2: Low-level system interaction](zshguide07.html#l195)
[7.1.3: ZFTP](zshguide07.html#l196)
### [7.2: Contributed bits](zshguide07.html#l197)
[7.2.1: Prompt themes](zshguide07.html#l198)
### [7.3: What's new in 4.1](zshguide07.html#l199)
## [Appendix 1: Obtaining zsh and getting more information *Not written*](zshguide08.html#l200)
-----

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<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE-RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->
**Table of Contents** *generated with [DocToc](https://github.com/thlorenz/doctoc)*
- [Chapter 1: A short introduction](#chapter-1-a-short-introduction)
- [1.1: Other shells and other guides](#11-other-shells-and-other-guides)
- [1.2: Versions of zsh](#12-versions-of-zsh)
- [1.3: Conventions](#13-conventions)
- [1.4: Acknowledgments](#14-acknowledgments)
<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<span id="intro"></span><span id="l1"></span>
# Chapter 1: A short introduction
The Z-Shell, \`zsh' for short, is a command interpreter for UNIX
systems, or in UNIX jargon, a \`shell', because it wraps around the
commands you use. More than that, however, zsh is a particularly
powerful shell --- and it's free, and under regular maintenance --- with
lots of interactive features allowing you to do the maximum work with
the minimum fuss. Of course, for that you need to know what the shell
can do and how, and that's what this guide is for.
The most basic basics: I shall assume you have access to a UNIX system,
otherwise the rest of this is not going to be much use. You can also use
zsh under Windows by installing Cygwin, which provides a UNIX-like
environment for programmes --- given the weakness of the standard
Windows command interpreter, this is a good thing to do. There are ports
of older versions of zsh to Windows which run natively, i.e. without a
UNIX environment, although these have a slightly different behaviour in
some respects and I won't talk about them further.
I'll also assume some basic knowledge of UNIX; you should know how the
filesystem works, i.e. what `/home/users/pws/.zshrc` and `../file` mean,
and some basic commands, for example `ls`, and you should have
experience with using `rm` to delete completely the wrong file by
accident, and that sort of thing. In something like \``rm file`', I will
often refer to the \`command' (`rm`, of course) and the \`argument(s)'
(anything else coming after the command which is used by it), and to the
complete thing you typed in one go as the \`command line'.
You're also going to need zsh itself; if you're reading this, you may
well already have it, but if you don't, you or your system administrator
should read [Appendix A](zshguide08.html#appa). For now, we'll suppose
you're sitting in front of a terminal with zsh already running.
Now to the shell. After you log in, you probably see some prompt (a
series of symbols on the screen indicating that you can input a
command), such as \``$`' or \``%`', possibly with some other text in
front --- later, we'll see how you can change that text in interesting
ways. That prompt comes from the shell. Type \``print hello`', then
backspace over \``hello`' and type \``goodbye`'. Now hit the \`Return'
key (or \`Enter' key, I'll just say `<RET>` from now on, likewise
`<TAB>` for the tab key, `<SPC>` for the space key); unless you have a
serious practical-joker problem on your system, you will see
\``goodbye`', and the shell will come back with another prompt. All of
the time up to when you hit `<RET>`, you were interacting with the shell
and its editor, called \`Z-Shell Line Editor' or \`zle' for short; only
then did the shell go away and tell the `print` command to print out a
message. So you can see that the shell is important.
However, if all you're doing is typing simple commands like that, why do
you need anything complicated? In that case, you don't; but real life's
not that simple. In the rest of this guide, I describe how, with zsh's
help, you can:
- customise the environment in which you work, by using startup files,
- write your own commands to shorten tasks and store things in shell
variables (\`parameters') so you don't have to remember them,
- use zle to minimise the amount of typing you have to do --- in zsh,
you can even edit small files that way,
- pick the files you want to use for a particular command such as `mv`
or `ls` using zsh's very sophisticated filename generation (known
colloquially as \`globbing') system,
- tell the editor what sort of arguments you use with particular
commands, so that you only need to type part of the name and it will
complete the rest, using zsh's unrivalled programmable completion
system,
- use the extra add-ons (\`modules') supplied with the latest version
of zsh to do other things you usually can't do in a shell at all.
That's only a tiny sample. Since there's so much to say, this guide will
concentrate on the things zsh does best, and in particular the things it
has which other shells don't. The next chapter gives a few of the
basics, by trying to explain how to set the shell up the way you want
it. Like the rest of the guide, it's not intended to be exhaustive, for
which you should look at the shell manual.
Some other things you should probably know straight away. First, the
shell is always running, even when the command you typed is running,
too; the shell simply hangs around waiting for it to finish: you may
know from other shells about putting commands in the **background** by
putting an \``&`' after the command, which means that the shell doesn't
wait for them to finish. The shell is there even if the command's in the
foreground, but in this case doing nothing.
Second, it doesn't just run other people's commands, it has some of its
own, called **builtin commands** or just **builtins**, and you can even
add your own commands as lists of instructions to the shell called
**functions**; builtins and functions always run in the shell itself.
That's important to know, because things which don't run in the shell
itself can't affect it, and hence can't alter parameters, functions,
aliases, and all the other things I shall talk about.
<span id="l2"></span>
## 1.1: Other shells and other guides
If you want a basic grounding in how shells work, what their syntax is
(i.e. how to write commands), and how to write scripts and functions,
you should read one of the many books on the subject. In particular, you
will get most out of a book that describes the Korn shell (ksh), as zsh
is very similar to this --- so similar that it will be worth my while
pointing out differences as we go along, since they can confuse ksh
users. Recent versions of zsh can emulate ksh (strictly, the 1988
version of ksh, although there are increasingly features from the 1993
version) quite closely, although it's not perfect, and less perfect the
more closely you look. However, it's important to realise that if you
just start up any old zsh there is no guarantee that it will be set up
to work like ksh; unless you or your system adminstrator have changed
some settings, it certainly won't be. You might not see that straight
away, but it affects the shell in subtle ways. I will talk about
emulation a bit more later on.
A few other shells are worth mentioning. The grandfather of all UNIX
shells is sh, now known as the Bourne shell but originally just referred
to as \`the shell'. The story is similar to ksh: zsh can emulate sh
quite closely (much more closely than ksh, since sh is considerably
simpler), but in general you need to make sure it's set up to do that
before you can be sure it will emulate sh.
You may also come across the \`Bourne-Again Shell', bash. This is a
freely-available enhancement of sh written by the GNU project --- but it
is not always enhanced along the lines of ksh, and hence in many ways it
is very different from zsh. On some free UNIX-like systems such as
Linux/GNU (which is what people usually mean by Linux), the command sh
is really bash, so there you should be extra careful when trying to
ensure that something which runs under the so-called \`sh' will also run
under zsh. Some Linux systems also have another simpler Bourne shell
clone, ash; as it's simpler, it's more like the original Bourne shell.
Some more modern operating systems talk about \`the POSIX shell'. This
is an attempt to standardize UNIX shells; it's most like the Korn shell,
although, a bit confusingly, it's often just called sh, because the
standard says that it should be. Usually, this just means you get a bit
extra free with your sh and it still does what you expect. Zsh has made
some attempts to fit the standard, but you have to tell it to --- again,
simply starting up \`zsh' will not have the right settings for that.
There is another common family of shells with, unfortunately,
incompatible syntax. The source of this family is the C-Shell, csh, so
called because its syntax looks more like the C programming language.
This became widespread when the only other shell available was sh
because csh had better interactive features, such as job control. It was
then enhanced to make tcsh, which has many of the interactive features
you will also find in zsh, and so became very popular. Despite these
common features, the syntax of zsh is very different, so you should not
try and use csh/tcsh commands beyond the very simplest in zsh; but if
you are a tcsh user, you will find virtually every capability you are
used to in zsh somewhere, plus a lot more.
<span id="l3"></span>
## 1.2: Versions of zsh
At the time of writing, the most recent version of zsh available for
widespread use was 4.0.6. You will commonly find two sets of older zsh's
around. The 3.0 series, of which the last release was 3.0.9, was a
stable release, with only bug fixes since the first release of zsh 3.
The 3.1 series were beta versions, with lots of new features; the last
of these, 3.1.9, was not so different from 4.0.1; the main change is
that the shell has now been declared stable, so that as with zsh 3 there
will be a set of bug fixes, labelled 4.0, and a set with new functions
in, labelled 4.1. As 4.0 replaces all zsh 3 versions, I will try to keep
things simple and talk about that; but every now and then it will be
helpful to point out where older versions were different.
One notable feature of zsh is the completion of command line arguments.
The system changed in 3.1.6 and 3.1.7 to make it a lot more
configurable, and (provided you keep your wits about you) a little less
obscure. I therefore won't describe the old completion system, which
used the \`compctl' command, in any detail; a very brief introduction is
given in the zsh FAQ. The old system remains available, however we
strongly recommend new users to start with the new one. See [chapter
6](zshguide06.html#comp) \`Completion, old and new' for the lowdown on
new-style completion.
There won't be a big difference between 4.0 and 4.1, just bug fixes and
a few evolutionary changes, plus some extra modules. There will be some
notes in [chapter 7](zshguide07.html#ragbag) about new features in 4.1,
but nothing you write for 4.0 is likely to become obsolete in the
foreseeable future.
<span id="l4"></span>
## 1.3: Conventions
Most of what I say will be reasonably self-contained (which means I use
phrases like \`as I said before' and \`as I'll discuss later on' more
than a real stylist would like, and the number times I refer to other
chapters is excessive), but there are some points I should perhaps draw
your attention to before you leap in.
I will often write chunks of code as you would put them in a file for
execution (a \`script' or a \`function', the differences to be discussed
*passim*):
```
if [[ $ZSH_VERSION = 3.* ]]; then
print This is a release of the third version of zsh.
else
print This is either very new or very old.
fi
```
but sometimes I will show both what you type into a shell interactively,
and what the shell throws back at you:
```
% print $ZSH_VERSION
3.1.9
% print $CPUTYPE
i586
```
Here, \``%`' shows the prompt the shell puts up to tell you it is
expecting input (and the space immediately after is part of it).
Actually, you probably see something before the percent sign like the
name of the machine or your user name, or maybe something fancier. I've
pruned it to the minimum to avoid confusion, and kept it as reminder
that this is the line you type.
If you're reading an electronic version of this guide, and want to copy
lines with the \``%`' in front into a terminal to be executed, there's a
neat way of doing this where you don't even have to edit the line first:
```
alias %=' '
```
Then `%` at the start of a line is turned into nothing whatsoever; the
space just indicates that any following aliases should be expanded. So
the line \``% print $CPUTYPE`' will ignore the \``%`' and execute the
rest of the line. (I hope it's obvious, but your *own* prompt is always
ignored; this is just if you copy the prompts from the guide into the
shell.)
There are lots of different types of object in zsh, but one of the most
common is parameters, which I will always show with a \``$`' sign in
front, like \``$ZSH_VERSION`', to remind you they are parameters. You
need to remember that when you're setting or fiddling with the parameter
itself, rather than its value, you omit the \``$`'. When you do and
don't need it should become clearer as we go along.
The other objects I'll show specially are shell options --- choices
about how the shell is to work --- which I write like this:
\``SH_WORD_SPLIT`', \``NO_NOMATCH`', \``ZLE`'. Again, that's not the
whole story since whenever the shell expects options you can write them
in upper or lower case with as many or as few underscores as you like;
and often in code chunks I'll use the simplest form instead:
\``shwordsplit`', \``nonomatch`', \``zle`'. If you're philosophical you
can think of it as expressing the category difference between talking
about programming and actual programming, but really it's just me being
inconsistent.
You may find it odd that I use three hyphens to signify a dash. That's
actually a convention used in the printed version of this guide, which
is made with LaTeX. One day, I will turn this into a macro and it will
appear properly in other versions; but then, one day the universe will
come to an end.
<span id="l5"></span>
## 1.4: Acknowledgments
I am grateful for comments from various zsh users. In particular, I have
had detailed comments and corrections from Bart Schaefer, Sven \`Mr
Completion' Wischnowsky and Oliver Kiddle. It's usual to add that any
remaining errors are my own, but that's so stark staringly obvious as to
be ridiculous. I mean, who wrote this? Never mind.
Most of this written on one or another release of Linux Mandrake (a
derivative of Red Hat), with the usual GNU and XFree86 tools. Since all
of this was free, it only seems fair to say \`thank you' for the gift.
It also works a lot better than the operating system that came with this
particular PC.

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<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE-RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->
**Table of Contents** *generated with [DocToc](https://github.com/thlorenz/doctoc)*
- [Chapter 7: Modules and other bits and pieces *Not written*](#chapter-7-modules-and-other-bits-and-pieces-not-written)
- [7.1: Control over modules: `zmodload`](#71-control-over-modules-zmodload)
- [7.1.1: Modules defining parameters](#711-modules-defining-parameters)
- [7.1.2: Low-level system interaction](#712-low-level-system-interaction)
- [7.1.3: ZFTP](#713-zftp)
- [7.2: Contributed bits](#72-contributed-bits)
- [7.2.1: Prompt themes](#721-prompt-themes)
- [7.3: What's new in 4.1](#73-whats-new-in-41)
<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<span id="ragbag"></span><span id="l192"></span>
# Chapter 7: Modules and other bits and pieces *Not written*
<span id="l193"></span>
## 7.1: Control over modules: `zmodload`
<span id="l194"></span>
### 7.1.1: Modules defining parameters
<span id="l195"></span>
### 7.1.2: Low-level system interaction
<span id="l196"></span>
### 7.1.3: ZFTP
<span id="l197"></span>
## 7.2: Contributed bits
<span id="l198"></span>
### 7.2.1: Prompt themes
<span id="l199"></span>
## 7.3: What's new in 4.1

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<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE-RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->
**Table of Contents** *generated with [DocToc](https://github.com/thlorenz/doctoc)*
- [Appendix 1: Obtaining zsh and getting more information *Not written*](#appendix-1-obtaining-zsh-and-getting-more-information-not-written)
<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
-----
- [Table of Contents](zshguide.html)
- [Previous Chapter](zshguide07.html)
-----
<span id="l200"></span>
# Appendix 1: Obtaining zsh and getting more information *Not written*
<span id="appa"></span>

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