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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="The-Z-Shell-Manual.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> The Z Shell Manual</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Introduction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Roadmap.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Roadmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Invocation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Invocation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Files</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Shell-Grammar.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Shell Grammar</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Redirection.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Redirection</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Command-Execution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Command Execution</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Functions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Jobs-_0026-Signals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Jobs & Signals</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Arithmetic-Evaluation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Arithmetic Evaluation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Conditional-Expressions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Conditional Expressions</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Prompt-Expansion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> Prompt Expansion</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Expansion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> Expansion</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Parameters.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> Parameters</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Options.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> Options</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Shell-Builtin-Commands.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> Shell Builtin Commands</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Zsh-Line-Editor.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> Zsh Line Editor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Completion-Widgets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> Completion Widgets</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Completion-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">20.</strong> Completion System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Completion-Using-compctl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">21.</strong> Completion Using compctl</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Zsh-Modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">22.</strong> Zsh Modules</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Calendar-Function-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">23.</strong> Calendar Function System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="TCP-Function-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">24.</strong> TCP Function System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="Zftp-Function-System.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">25.</strong> Zftp Function System</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="User-Contributions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">26.</strong> User Contributions</a></li></ol>
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<div id="content" class="content">
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<main>
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<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
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<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE-RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->
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<p><strong>Table of Contents</strong> <em>generated with <a href="https://github.com/thlorenz/doctoc">DocToc</a></em></p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#3-roadmap">3 Roadmap</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#31-when-the-shell-starts">3.1 When the shell starts</a></li>
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<li><a href="#32-interactive-use">3.2 Interactive Use</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#321-completion">3.2.1 Completion</a></li>
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<li><a href="#322-extending-the-line-editor">3.2.2 Extending the line editor</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#33-options">3.3 Options</a></li>
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<li><a href="#34-pattern-matching">3.4 Pattern Matching</a></li>
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<li><a href="#35-general-comments-on-syntax">3.5 General Comments on Syntax</a></li>
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<li><a href="#36-programming">3.6 Programming</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
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<p><span id="Roadmap"></span> <span id="Roadmap-1"></span></p>
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<h1 id="3-roadmap"><a class="header" href="#3-roadmap">3 Roadmap</a></h1>
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<p><span id="index-roadmap"></span></p>
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<p>The Zsh Manual, like the shell itself, is large and often complicated.
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This section of the manual provides some pointers to areas of the shell
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that are likely to be of particular interest to new users, and indicates
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where in the rest of the manual the documentation is to be found.</p>
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<hr />
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<p><span id="When-the-shell-starts"></span></p>
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<h2 id="31-when-the-shell-starts"><a class="header" href="#31-when-the-shell-starts">3.1 When the shell starts</a></h2>
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<p>When it starts, the shell reads commands from various files. These can
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be created or edited to customize the shell. See
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<a href="Files.html#Files">Files</a>.</p>
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<p>If no personal initialization files exist for the current user, a
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function is run to help you change some of the most common settings. It
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won’t appear if your administrator has disabled the <code>zsh/newuser</code>
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module. The function is designed to be self-explanatory. You can run it
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by hand with ‘<code>autoload -Uz zsh-newuser-install; zsh-newuser-install -f</code>’. See also <a href="User-Contributions.html#User-Configuration-Functions">User Configuration
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Functions</a>.</p>
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<hr />
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<p><span id="Interactive-Use"></span></p>
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<h2 id="32-interactive-use"><a class="header" href="#32-interactive-use">3.2 Interactive Use</a></h2>
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<p>Interaction with the shell uses the builtin Zsh Line Editor, ZLE. This
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is described in detail in <a href="Zsh-Line-Editor.html#Zsh-Line-Editor">Zsh Line
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Editor</a>.</p>
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<p>The first decision a user must make is whether to use the Emacs or Vi
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editing mode as the keys for editing are substantially different. Emacs
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editing mode is probably more natural for beginners and can be selected
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explicitly with the command <code>bindkey -e</code>.</p>
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<p>A history mechanism for retrieving previously typed lines (most simply
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with the Up or Down arrow keys) is available; note that, unlike other
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shells, zsh will not save these lines when the shell exits unless you
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set appropriate variables, and the number of history lines retained by
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default is quite small (30 lines). See the description of the shell
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variables (referred to in the documentation as parameters) <code>HISTFILE</code>,
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<code>HISTSIZE</code> and <code>SAVEHIST</code> in <a href="Parameters.html#Parameters-Used-By-The-Shell">Parameters Used By The
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Shell</a>. Note that it’s
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currently only possible to read and write files saving history when the
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shell is interactive, i.e. it does not work from scripts.</p>
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<p>The shell now supports the UTF-8 character set (and also others if
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supported by the operating system). This is (mostly) handled
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transparently by the shell, but the degree of support in terminal
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emulators is variable. There is some discussion of this in the shell
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FAQ, <code>http://www.zsh.org/FAQ/</code>. Note in particular that for combining
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characters to be handled the option <code>COMBINING_CHARS</code> needs to be set.
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Because the shell is now more sensitive to the definition of the
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character set, note that if you are upgrading from an older version of
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the shell you should ensure that the appropriate variable, either <code>LANG</code>
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(to affect all aspects of the shell’s operation) or <code>LC_CTYPE</code> (to
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affect only the handling of character sets) is set to an appropriate
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value. This is true even if you are using a single-byte character set
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including extensions of ASCII such as <code>ISO-8859-1</code> or <code>ISO-8859-15</code>. See
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the description of <code>LC_CTYPE</code> in
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<a href="Parameters.html#Parameters">Parameters</a>.</p>
|
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|
<hr />
|
|||
|
<p><span id="Completion-1"></span></p>
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|
<h3 id="321-completion"><a class="header" href="#321-completion">3.2.1 Completion</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>Completion is a feature present in many shells. It allows the user to
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type only a part (usually the prefix) of a word and have the shell fill
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|||
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in the rest. The completion system in zsh is programmable. For example,
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|
the shell can be set to complete email addresses in arguments to the
|
|||
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mail command from your <code>~/.abook/addressbook</code>; usernames, hostnames, and
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|||
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even remote paths in arguments to scp, and so on. Anything that can be
|
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|
written in or glued together with zsh can be the source of what the line
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|
editor offers as possible completions.</p>
|
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|
<p>Zsh has two completion systems, an old, so called <code>compctl</code> completion
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|
(named after the builtin command that serves as its complete and only
|
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|
user interface), and a new one, referred to as <code>compsys</code>, organized as
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library of builtin and user-defined functions. The two systems differ in
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|
their interface for specifying the completion behavior. The new system
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is more customizable and is supplied with completions for many commonly
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|
used commands; it is therefore to be preferred.</p>
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<p>The completion system must be enabled explicitly when the shell starts.
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|
For more information see <a href="Completion-System.html#Completion-System">Completion
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|
System</a>.</p>
|
|||
|
<hr />
|
|||
|
<p><span id="Extending-the-line-editor"></span></p>
|
|||
|
<h3 id="322-extending-the-line-editor"><a class="header" href="#322-extending-the-line-editor">3.2.2 Extending the line editor</a></h3>
|
|||
|
<p>Apart from completion, the line editor is highly extensible by means of
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|||
|
shell functions. Some useful functions are provided with the shell; they
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|
provide facilities such as:</p>
|
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|
<ul>
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<li>
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|
<p><code>insert-composed-char</code><br />
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|
composing characters not found on the keyboard</p>
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|
</li>
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|
<li>
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|
<p><code>match-words-by-style</code><br />
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|
configuring what the line editor considers a word when moving or
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|
deleting by word</p>
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|
</li>
|
|||
|
<li>
|
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|
<p><code>history-beginning-search-backward-end</code>, etc.<br />
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alternative ways of searching the shell history</p>
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|||
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</li>
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|
<li>
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|
<p><code>replace-string</code>, <code>replace-pattern</code><br />
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functions for replacing strings or patterns globally in the command
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|
line</p>
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|||
|
</li>
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|
<li>
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|||
|
<p><code>edit-command-line</code><br />
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|
edit the command line with an external editor.</p>
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|||
|
</li>
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|||
|
</ul>
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|
<p>See <a href="User-Contributions.html#ZLE-Functions">ZLE Functions</a> for
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|||
|
descriptions of these.</p>
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|||
|
<hr />
|
|||
|
<p><span id="Options-3"></span></p>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="33-options"><a class="header" href="#33-options">3.3 Options</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>The shell has a large number of options for changing its behaviour.
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|
These cover all aspects of the shell; browsing the full documentation is
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|
the only good way to become acquainted with the many possibilities. See
|
|||
|
<a href="Options.html#Options">Options</a>.</p>
|
|||
|
<hr />
|
|||
|
<p><span id="Pattern-Matching"></span></p>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="34-pattern-matching"><a class="header" href="#34-pattern-matching">3.4 Pattern Matching</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>The shell has a rich set of patterns which are available for file
|
|||
|
matching (described in the documentation as ‘filename generation’ and
|
|||
|
also known for historical reasons as ‘globbing’) and for use when
|
|||
|
programming. These are described in <a href="Expansion.html#Filename-Generation">Filename
|
|||
|
Generation</a>.</p>
|
|||
|
<p>Of particular interest are the following patterns that are not commonly
|
|||
|
supported by other systems of pattern matching:</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>
|
|||
|
<p><code>**</code><br />
|
|||
|
for matching over multiple directories</p>
|
|||
|
</li>
|
|||
|
<li>
|
|||
|
<p><code>|</code><br />
|
|||
|
for matching either of two alternatives</p>
|
|||
|
</li>
|
|||
|
<li>
|
|||
|
<p><code>~</code>, <code>^</code><br />
|
|||
|
the ability to exclude patterns from matching when the
|
|||
|
<code>EXTENDED_GLOB</code> option is set</p>
|
|||
|
</li>
|
|||
|
<li>
|
|||
|
<p><code>(``...``)</code><br />
|
|||
|
glob qualifiers, included in parentheses at the end of the pattern,
|
|||
|
which select files by type (such as directories) or attribute (such
|
|||
|
as size).</p>
|
|||
|
</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<hr />
|
|||
|
<p><span id="General-Comments-on-Syntax"></span></p>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="35-general-comments-on-syntax"><a class="header" href="#35-general-comments-on-syntax">3.5 General Comments on Syntax</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>Although the syntax of zsh is in ways similar to the Korn shell, and
|
|||
|
therefore more remotely to the original UNIX shell, the Bourne shell,
|
|||
|
its default behaviour does not entirely correspond to those shells.
|
|||
|
General shell syntax is introduced in <a href="Shell-Grammar.html#Shell-Grammar">Shell
|
|||
|
Grammar</a>.</p>
|
|||
|
<p>One commonly encountered difference is that variables substituted onto
|
|||
|
the command line are not split into words. See the description of the
|
|||
|
shell option <code>SH_WORD_SPLIT</code> in <a href="Expansion.html#Parameter-Expansion">Parameter
|
|||
|
Expansion</a>. In zsh, you can either
|
|||
|
explicitly request the splitting (e.g. <code>${=foo}</code>) or use an array when
|
|||
|
you want a variable to expand to more than one word. See <a href="Parameters.html#Array-Parameters">Array
|
|||
|
Parameters</a>.</p>
|
|||
|
<hr />
|
|||
|
<p><span id="Programming"></span></p>
|
|||
|
<h2 id="36-programming"><a class="header" href="#36-programming">3.6 Programming</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>The most convenient way of adding enhancements to the shell is typically
|
|||
|
by writing a shell function and arranging for it to be autoloaded.
|
|||
|
Functions are described in <a href="Functions.html#Functions">Functions</a>. Users
|
|||
|
changing from the C shell and its relatives should notice that aliases
|
|||
|
are less used in zsh as they don’t perform argument substitution, only
|
|||
|
simple text replacement.</p>
|
|||
|
<p>A few general functions, other than those for the line editor described
|
|||
|
above, are provided with the shell and are described in <a href="User-Contributions.html#User-Contributions">User
|
|||
|
Contributions</a>. Features
|
|||
|
include:</p>
|
|||
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
<li>
|
|||
|
<p><code>promptinit</code><br />
|
|||
|
a prompt theme system for changing prompts easily, see <a href="User-Contributions.html#Prompt-Themes">Prompt
|
|||
|
Themes</a></p>
|
|||
|
</li>
|
|||
|
<li>
|
|||
|
<p><code>zsh-mime-setup</code><br />
|
|||
|
a MIME-handling system which dispatches commands according to the
|
|||
|
suffix of a file as done by graphical file managers</p>
|
|||
|
</li>
|
|||
|
<li>
|
|||
|
<p><code>zcalc</code><br />
|
|||
|
a calculator</p>
|
|||
|
</li>
|
|||
|
<li>
|
|||
|
<p><code>zargs</code><br />
|
|||
|
a version of <code>xargs</code> that makes the <code>find</code> command redundant</p>
|
|||
|
</li>
|
|||
|
<li>
|
|||
|
<p><code>zmv</code><br />
|
|||
|
a command for renaming files by means of shell patterns.</p>
|
|||
|
</li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<hr />
|
|||
|
<p>This document was generated on <em>February 15, 2020</em> using
|
|||
|
<a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 5.0</em></a>.<br />
|
|||
|
Zsh version 5.8, released on February 14, 2020.</p>
|
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