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====== Brace expansion ======
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{{keywords>bash shell scripting expansion substitution text list brace}}
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<code>
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{string1,string2,...,stringN}
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{<START>..<END>}
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{<START>..<END>..<INCR>} (Bash 4)
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<PREFIX>{........}
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{........}<SUFFIX>
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<PREFIX>{........}<SUFFIX>
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</code>
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Brace expansion is used to generate arbitrary strings. The specified strings are used to generate **all possible combinations** with the optional surrounding prefixes and suffixes.
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Usually it's used to generate mass-arguments for a command, that follow a specific naming-scheme.
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:!: It is the very first step in expansion-handling, it's important to understand that. When you use
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<code>
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echo {a,b}$PATH
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</code>
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then the brace expansion **does not expand the variable** - this is done in a **later step**. Brace expansion just makes it being:
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<code>
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echo a$PATH b$PATH
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</code>
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Another common pitfall is to assume that a range like ''{1..200}'' can be expressed with variables using ''{$a..$b}''. Due to what I described above, it **simply is not possible**, because it's the very first step in doing expansions. A possible way to achieve this, if you really can't handle this in another way, is using the ''eval'' command, which basically evaluates a commandline twice: <code>eval echo {$a..$b}</code> For instance, when embedded inside a for loop : <code>for i in $(eval echo {$a..$b})</code> This requires that the entire command be properly escaped to avoid unexpected expansions. If the sequence expansion is to be assigned to an array, another method is possible using [[commands:builtin:declare|declaration commands]]: <code>declare -a 'pics=(img{'"$a..$b"'}.png)'; mv "${pics[@]}" ../imgs</code> This is significantly safer, but one must still be careful to control the values of $a and $b. Both the exact quoting, and explicitly including "-a" are important.
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The brace expansion is present in two basic forms, **string lists** and **ranges**.
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It can be switched on and off under runtime by using the ''set'' builtin and the option ''-B'' and ''+B'' or the long option ''braceexpand''. If brace expansion is enabled, the stringlist in ''SHELLOPTS'' contains ''braceexpand''.
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===== String lists =====
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<code>
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{string1,string2,...,stringN}
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</code>
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Without the optional prefix and suffix strings, the result is just a space-separated list of the given strings:
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<code>
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$ echo {I,want,my,money,back}
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I want my money back
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</code>
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With prefix or suffix strings, the result is a space-separated list of **all possible combinations** of prefix or suffix specified strings:
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<code>
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$ echo _{I,want,my,money,back}
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_I _want _my _money _back
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$ echo {I,want,my,money,back}_
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I_ want_ my_ money_ back_
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$ echo _{I,want,my,money,back}-
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_I- _want- _my- _money- _back-
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</code>
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The brace expansion is only performed, if the given string list is really a **list of strings**, i.e., if there is a minimum of one "'',''" (comma)! Something like ''{money}'' doesn't expand to something special, it's really only the text "''{money}''".
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===== Ranges =====
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<code>
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|
{<START>..<END>}
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</code>
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Brace expansion using ranges is written giving the startpoint and the endpoint of the range. This is a "sequence expression". The sequences can be of two types
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* integers (optionally zero padded, optionally with a given increment)
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* characters
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<code>
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$ echo {5..12}
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5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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$ echo {c..k}
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c d e f g h i j k
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|
</code>
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When you mix these both types, brace expansion is **not** performed:
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|
<code>
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|
$ echo {5..k}
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|
{5..k}
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|
</code>
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When you zero pad one of the numbers (or both) in a range, then the generated range is zero padded, too:
|
|
<code>
|
|
$ echo {01..10}
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|
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
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|
</code>
|
|
There's a chapter of Bash 4 brace expansion changes at [[#new_in_bash_4.0 | the end of this article]].
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|
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Similar to the expansion using stringlists, you can add prefix and suffix strings:
|
|
<code>
|
|
$ echo 1.{0..9}
|
|
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
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|
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$ echo ---{A..E}---
|
|
---A--- ---B--- ---C--- ---D--- ---E---
|
|
</code>
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|
|
|
===== Combining and nesting =====
|
|
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When you combine more brace expansions, you effectively use a brace expansion as prefix or suffix for another one. Let's generate all possible combinations of uppercase letters and digits:
|
|
<code>
|
|
$ echo {A..Z}{0..9}
|
|
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
|
|
C7 C8 C9 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 F0 F1 F2 F3
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F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 G0 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 H0 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 I0
|
|
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 K0 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7
|
|
K8 K9 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 N0 N1 N2 N3 N4
|
|
N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9 P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 Q0 Q1
|
|
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
|
|
S9 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
|
|
V6 V7 V8 V9 W0 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 Y0 Y1 Y2
|
|
Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Z0 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9
|
|
</code>
|
|
Hey.. that **saves you writing** 260 strings!
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|
|
Brace expansions can be nested, but too much of it usually makes you losing overview a bit ;-)
|
|
|
|
Here's a sample to generate the alphabet, first the uppercase letters, then the lowercase ones:
|
|
<code>
|
|
$ echo {{A..Z},{a..z}}
|
|
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
===== Common use and examples =====
|
|
|
|
==== Massdownload from the Web ====
|
|
In this example, ''wget'' is used to download documentation that is split over several numbered webpages.
|
|
|
|
''wget'' won't see your braces. It will see **6 different URLs** to download.
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
wget http://docs.example.com/documentation/slides_part{1,2,3,4,5,6}.html
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Of course it's possible, and even easier, to do that with a sequence:
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
wget http://docs.example.com/documentation/slides_part{1..6}.html
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
==== Generate a subdirectory structure ====
|
|
|
|
Your life is hard? Let's ease it a bit - that's what shells are here for.
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
mkdir /home/bash/test/{foo,bar,baz,cat,dog}
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
==== Generate numbers with a prefix 001 002 ... ====
|
|
* Using a prefix:
|
|
<code>
|
|
for i in 0{1..9} 10; do printf "%s\n" "$i";done
|
|
</code>
|
|
If you need to create words with the number embedded, you can use nested brace:
|
|
<code>
|
|
printf "%s\n" img{00{1..9},0{10..99},{100..999}}.png
|
|
</code>
|
|
* Formatting the numbers with printf:
|
|
<code>
|
|
echo $(printf "img%02d.png " {1..99})
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
See the [[#news_in_bash_4.0 | text below]] for a new Bash 4 method.
|
|
|
|
==== Repeating arguments or words ====
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
somecommand -v -v -v -v -v
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Can be written as
|
|
<code>
|
|
somecommand -v{,,,,}
|
|
</code>
|
|
...which is a kind of a hack, but hey, it works.
|
|
|
|
<div round info>
|
|
=== More fun ===
|
|
The most optimal possible brace expansion to expand n arguments of course consists of n's prime factors. We can use the "factor" program bundled with GNU coreutils to emit a brace expansion that will expand any number of arguments.
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
function braceify {
|
|
[[ $1 == +([[:digit:]]) ]] || return
|
|
typeset -a a
|
|
read -ra a < <(factor "$1")
|
|
eval "echo $(printf '{$(printf ,%%.s {1..%s})}' "${a[@]:1}")"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
printf 'eval printf "$arg"%s' "$(braceify 1000000)"
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
"Braceify" generates the expansion code itself. In this example we inject that output into a template which displays the most terse brace expansion code that would expand ''"$arg"'' 1,000,000 times if evaluated. In this case, the output is:
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
eval printf "$arg"{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}
|
|
</code>
|
|
</div>
|
|
===== New in Bash 4.0 =====
|
|
|
|
==== Zero padded number expansion ====
|
|
|
|
Prefix either of the numbers in a numeric range with ''0'' to pad the expanded numbers with the correct amount of zeros:
|
|
<code>
|
|
$ echo {0001..5}
|
|
0001 0002 0003 0004 0005
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
==== Increment ====
|
|
It is now possible to specify an increment using ranges:
|
|
<code>
|
|
{<START>..<END>..<INCR>}
|
|
</code>
|
|
''<INCR>'' is numeric, you can use a negative integer but the correct sign is deduced from the order of ''<START>'' and ''<END>'' anyways.
|
|
<code>
|
|
$ echo {1..10..2}
|
|
1 3 5 7 9
|
|
$ echo {10..1..2}
|
|
10 8 6 4 2
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Interesting feature: The increment specification also works for letter-ranges:
|
|
<code>
|
|
$ echo {a..z..3}
|
|
a d g j m p s v y
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
===== See also =====
|
|
* [[syntax:expansion:intro | Introduction to expansion and substitution]]</textarea>
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<ul class="list-inline"><li><span class="iconify text-muted" data-icon="mdi:file-document-outline"></span> <span title="syntax/expansion/brace.txt">syntax/expansion/brace.txt</span></li><li><span class="iconify text-muted" data-icon="mdi:calendar"></span> Last modified: <span title="2020/06/28 01:16">2020/06/28 01:16</span></li><li class="text-muted">by <bdi>fgrose</bdi></li></ul> </span>
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|
|
cdx.remote: 0.077
|
|
esindex: 0.009
|
|
LoadShardBlock: 71.943 (3)
|
|
PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 66.437 (4)
|
|
load_resource: 709.75
|
|
PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 681.798
|
|
--> |