wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/expansion/brace.md

# Brace expansion

![](keywords>bash shell scripting expansion substitution text list brace)

    {string1,string2,...,stringN}
    {<START>..<END>}

    {<START>..<END>..<INCR>} (Bash 4)

    <PREFIX>{........}

    {........}<SUFFIX>

    <PREFIX>{........}<SUFFIX>

Brace expansion is used to generate arbitrary strings. The specified
strings are used to generate **all possible combinations** with the
optional surrounding prefixes and suffixes.

Usually it's used to generate mass-arguments for a command, that follow
a specific naming-scheme.

:!: It is the very first step in expansion-handling, it's important to
understand that. When you use

    echo {a,b}$PATH

then the brace expansion **does not expand the variable** - this is done
in a **later step**. Brace expansion just makes it being:

    echo a$PATH b$PATH

Another common pitfall is to assume that a range like `{1..200}` can be
expressed with variables using `{$a..$b}`. Due to what I described
above, it **simply is not possible**, because it's the very first step
in doing expansions. A possible way to achieve this, if you really can't
handle this in another way, is using the `eval` command, which basically
evaluates a commandline twice: `eval echo {$a..$b}` For instance, when
embedded inside a for loop : `for i in $(eval echo {$a..$b})` This
requires that the entire command be properly escaped to avoid unexpected
expansions. If the sequence expansion is to be assigned to an array,
another method is possible using [declaration
commands](/commands/builtin/declare):
`declare -a 'pics=(img{'&quot;$a..$b&quot;'}.png)'; mv &quot;${pics[@]}&quot; ../imgs`
This is significantly safer, but one must still be careful to control
the values of \$a and \$b. Both the exact quoting, and explicitly
including "-a" are important.

The brace expansion is present in two basic forms, **string lists** and
**ranges**.

It can be switched on and off under runtime by using the `set` builtin
and the option `-B` and `+B` or the long option `braceexpand`. If brace
expansion is enabled, the stringlist in `SHELLOPTS` contains
`braceexpand`.

## String lists

    {string1,string2,...,stringN}

Without the optional prefix and suffix strings, the result is just a
space-separated list of the given strings:

    $ echo {I,want,my,money,back}
    I want my money back

With prefix or suffix strings, the result is a space-separated list of
**all possible combinations** of prefix or suffix specified strings:

    $ echo _{I,want,my,money,back}
    _I _want _my _money _back

    $ echo {I,want,my,money,back}_
    I_ want_ my_ money_ back_

    $ echo _{I,want,my,money,back}-
    _I- _want- _my- _money- _back-

The brace expansion is only performed, if the given string list is
really a **list of strings**, i.e., if there is a minimum of one "`,`"
(comma)! Something like `{money}` doesn't expand to something special,
it's really only the text "`{money}`".

## Ranges

    {<START>..<END>}

Brace expansion using ranges is written giving the startpoint and the
endpoint of the range. This is a "sequence expression". The sequences
can be of two types

- integers (optionally zero padded, optionally with a given increment)
- characters

<!-- -->

    $ echo {5..12}
    5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

    $ echo {c..k}
    c d e f g h i j k

When you mix these both types, brace expansion is **not** performed:

    $ echo {5..k}
    {5..k}

When you zero pad one of the numbers (or both) in a range, then the
generated range is zero padded, too:

    $ echo {01..10}
    01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

There's a chapter of Bash 4 brace expansion changes at [the end of this
article](#new_in_bash_4.0).

Similar to the expansion using stringlists, you can add prefix and
suffix strings:

    $ echo 1.{0..9}
    1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

    $ echo ---{A..E}---
    ---A--- ---B--- ---C--- ---D--- ---E---

## Combining and nesting

When you combine more brace expansions, you effectively use a brace
expansion as prefix or suffix for another one. Let's generate all
possible combinations of uppercase letters and digits:

    $ echo {A..Z}{0..9}
    A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
    C7 C8 C9 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 F0 F1 F2 F3
    F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 G0 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 H0 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 I0
    I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 K0 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7
    K8 K9 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 N0 N1 N2 N3 N4
    N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9 P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 Q0 Q1
    Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
    S9 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
    V6 V7 V8 V9 W0 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 Y0 Y1 Y2
    Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Z0 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9

Hey.. that **saves you writing** 260 strings!

Brace expansions can be nested, but too much of it usually makes you
losing overview a bit ;-)

Here's a sample to generate the alphabet, first the uppercase letters,
then the lowercase ones:

    $ echo {{A..Z},{a..z}}
    A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

## Common use and examples

### Massdownload from the Web

In this example, `wget` is used to download documentation that is split
over several numbered webpages.

`wget` won't see your braces. It will see **6 different URLs** to
download.

    wget http://docs.example.com/documentation/slides_part{1,2,3,4,5,6}.html

Of course it's possible, and even easier, to do that with a sequence:

    wget http://docs.example.com/documentation/slides_part{1..6}.html

### Generate a subdirectory structure

Your life is hard? Let's ease it a bit - that's what shells are here
for.

    mkdir /home/bash/test/{foo,bar,baz,cat,dog}

### Generate numbers with a prefix 001 002 ...

- Using a prefix:

<!-- -->

    for i in 0{1..9} 10; do printf &quot;%s\n&quot; &quot;$i&quot;;done

If you need to create words with the number embedded, you can use nested
brace:

    printf &quot;%s\n&quot; img{00{1..9},0{10..99},{100..999}}.png

- Formatting the numbers with printf:

<!-- -->

    echo $(printf &quot;img%02d.png &quot; {1..99})

See the [text below](#news_in_bash_4.0) for a new Bash 4 method.

### Repeating arguments or words

    somecommand -v -v -v -v -v

Can be written as

    somecommand -v{,,,,}

...which is a kind of a hack, but hey, it works.

\<div round info\>

#### More fun

The most optimal possible brace expansion to expand n arguments of
course consists of n's prime factors. We can use the "factor" program
bundled with GNU coreutils to emit a brace expansion that will expand
any number of arguments.

    function braceify {
        [[ $1 == +([[:digit:]]) ]] || return
        typeset -a a
        read -ra a < <(factor &quot;$1&quot;)
        eval &quot;echo $(printf '{$(printf ,%%.s {1..%s})}' &quot;${a[@]:1}&quot;)&quot;
    }

    printf 'eval printf &quot;$arg&quot;%s' &quot;$(braceify 1000000)&quot;

"Braceify" generates the expansion code itself. In this example we
inject that output into a template which displays the most terse brace
expansion code that would expand `"$arg"` 1,000,000 times if evaluated.
In this case, the output is:

    eval printf &quot;$arg&quot;{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}

\</div\>

## New in Bash 4.0

### Zero padded number expansion

Prefix either of the numbers in a numeric range with `0` to pad the
expanded numbers with the correct amount of zeros:

    $ echo {0001..5}
    0001 0002 0003 0004 0005

### Increment

It is now possible to specify an increment using ranges:

    {<START>..<END>..<INCR>}

`<INCR>` is numeric, you can use a negative integer but the correct sign
is deduced from the order of `<START>` and `<END>` anyways.

    $ echo {1..10..2}
    1 3 5 7 9
    $ echo {10..1..2}
    10 8 6 4 2

Interesting feature: The increment specification also works for
letter-ranges:

    $ echo {a..z..3}
    a d g j m p s v y

## See also