mirror of
https://github.com/rawiriblundell/wiki.bash-hackers.org
synced 2024-11-02 00:53:07 +01:00
591 lines
37 KiB
Plaintext
591 lines
37 KiB
Plaintext
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="no-js">
|
||
|
|
<head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=TPXmWR5s" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
|
|
__wm.init("http://web.archive.org/web");
|
||
|
|
__wm.wombat("https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=edit","20220701142324","http://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/",
|
||
|
|
"1656685404");
|
||
|
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" />
|
||
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=qtvMKcIJ" />
|
||
|
|
<!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include -->
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
|
||
|
|
<title>Arithmetic expressions [Bash Hackers Wiki]</title>
|
||
|
|
<script>(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement)</script>
|
||
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/web/20220701142324im_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/images/favicon.ico"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/web/20220701142324im_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/images/apple-touch-icon.png"/>
|
||
|
|
<meta name="generator" content="DokuWiki"/>
|
||
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"/>
|
||
|
|
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20220701142324cs_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/assets/bootstrap/default/bootstrap.min.css"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/exe/opensearch.php" title="Bash Hackers Wiki"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="start" href="/"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="contents" href="/syntax/arith_expr?do=index" title="Sitemap"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="manifest" href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/exe/manifest.php"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Recent Changes" href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/feed.php"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Current namespace" href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/feed.php?mode=list&ns=syntax"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="Plain HTML" href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/_export/xhtml/syntax/arith_expr"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="alternate" type="text/plain" title="Wiki Markup" href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/_export/raw/syntax/arith_expr"/>
|
||
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20220701142324cs_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/exe/css.php?t=bootstrap3&tseed=54923c3deda180f2db5bd755cd8fbf1a"/>
|
||
|
|
<!--[if gte IE 9]><!-->
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/var NS='syntax';var JSINFO = {"updatable":1,"userreplace":1,"default_macro_string":"","plugins":{"edittable":{"default columnwidth":""}},"move_renameokay":false,"isadmin":0,"isauth":0,"bootstrap3":{"mode":"source","toc":[],"config":{"collapsibleSections":0,"fixedTopNavbar":1,"showSemanticPopup":0,"sidebarOnNavbar":0,"tagsOnTop":1,"tocAffix":1,"tocCollapseOnScroll":1,"tocCollapsed":0,"tocLayout":"default","useAnchorJS":1,"useAlternativeToolbarIcons":1}},"id":"syntax:arith_expr","namespace":"syntax","ACT":"source","useHeadingNavigation":1,"useHeadingContent":1};
|
||
|
|
/*!]]>*/</script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="/web/20220701142324js_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/exe/jquery.php?tseed=23f888679b4f1dc26eef34902aca964f"></script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" src="/web/20220701142324js_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/exe/js.php?t=bootstrap3&tseed=54923c3deda180f2db5bd755cd8fbf1a"></script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/if (typeof IconifyConfig == 'undefined') { var IconifyConfig = { 'defaultAPI' : '/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/iconify.php?prefix={prefix}&icons={icons}' } }
|
||
|
|
/*!]]>*/</script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220701142324js_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/assets/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220701142324js_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/assets/anchorjs/anchor.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220701142324js_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/assets/typeahead/bootstrap3-typeahead.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220701142324js_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/assets/iconify/iconify.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20220701142324js_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/assets/iconify/plugins/fa.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
<!--<![endif]-->
|
||
|
|
<style type="text/css">@media screen { body { margin-top: 65px; } #dw__toc.affix { top: 55px; position: fixed !important; } #dw__toc .nav .nav .nav { display: none; } }</style>
|
||
|
|
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/respond/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
<![endif]-->
|
||
|
|
</head>
|
||
|
|
<body class="default dokuwiki mode_source tpl_bootstrap3 dw-page-on-panel dw-fluid-container" data-page-id="syntax:arith_expr"><div class="dokuwiki">
|
||
|
|
<header id="dokuwiki__header" class="dw-container dokuwiki container-fluid mx-5">
|
||
|
|
<!-- navbar -->
|
||
|
|
<nav id="dw__navbar" class="navbar navbar-fixed-top navbar-default" role="navigation">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="dw-container container-fluid mx-5">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="navbar-header">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<button class="navbar-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-collapse">
|
||
|
|
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
||
|
|
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
||
|
|
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
|
||
|
|
</button>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a class="navbar-brand d-flex align-items-center" href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/start" accesskey="h" title="Bash Hackers Wiki"><img id="dw__logo" class="pull-left h-100 mr-4" alt="Bash Hackers Wiki" src="/web/20220701142324im_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/images/logo.png"/><div class="pull-right"><div id="dw__title">Bash Hackers Wiki</div></div></a>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="collapse navbar-collapse">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="navbar-right" id="dw__navbar_items">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<!-- navbar-searchform -->
|
||
|
|
<form action="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr" accept-charset="utf-8" class="navbar-form navbar-left search" id="dw__search" method="get" role="search">
|
||
|
|
<div class="input-group">
|
||
|
|
<input id="qsearch" autocomplete="off" type="search" placeholder="Search" value="" accesskey="f" name="q" class="form-control" title="[F]"/>
|
||
|
|
<div class="input-group-btn">
|
||
|
|
<button class="btn btn-default" type="submit" title="Search">
|
||
|
|
<span class="iconify" data-icon="mdi:magnify"></span> </button>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<input type="hidden" name="do" value="search"/>
|
||
|
|
</form>
|
||
|
|
<!-- /navbar-searchform -->
|
||
|
|
<!-- tools-menu -->
|
||
|
|
<ul class="nav navbar-nav dw-action-icon" id="dw__tools">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="dropdown">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="" class="dropdown-toggle" data-target="#" data-toggle="dropdown" title="" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
|
|
<span class="iconify" data-icon="mdi:wrench"></span> <span class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm">Tools</span> <span class="caret"></span>
|
||
|
|
</a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul class="dropdown-menu tools" role="menu">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="dropdown-header">
|
||
|
|
<span class="iconify" data-icon="mdi:account"></span> User Tools </li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=register" title="Register" rel="nofollow" class="menuitem register"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15 14c-2.67 0-8 1.33-8 4v2h16v-2c0-2.67-5.33-4-8-4m-9-4V7H4v3H1v2h3v3h2v-3h3v-2m6 2a4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4z"/></svg><span>Register</span></a></li><li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=login&sectok=" title="Log In" rel="nofollow" class="menuitem login"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 17.25V14H3v-4h7V6.75L15.25 12 10 17.25M8 2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v16a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4h2v4h9V4H8v4H6V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2z"/></svg><span>Log In</span></a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li class="divider" role="separator"></li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="dropdown-header">
|
||
|
|
<span class="iconify" data-icon="mdi:toolbox"></span> Site Tools </li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=recent" title="Recent Changes [r]" rel="nofollow" accesskey="r" class="menuitem recent"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15 13h1.5v2.82l2.44 1.41-.75 1.3L15 16.69V13m4-5H5v11h4.67c-.43-.91-.67-1.93-.67-3a7 7 0 0 1 7-7c1.07 0 2.09.24 3 .67V8M5 21a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5c0-1.11.89-2 2-2h1V1h2v2h8V1h2v2h1a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.1c1.24 1.26 2 2.99 2 4.9a7 7 0 0 1-7 7c-1.91 0-3.64-.76-4.9-2H5m11-9.85A4.85 4.85 0 0 0 11.15 16c0 2.68 2.17 4.85 4.85 4.85A4.85 4.85 0 0 0 20.85 16c0-2.68-2.17-4.85-4.85-4.85z"/></svg><span>Recent Changes</span></a></li><li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=media&ns=syntax" title="Media Manager" rel="nofollow" class="menuitem media"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7 15l4.5-6 3.5 4.5 2.5-3L21 15m1-11h-8l-2-2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V6a2 2 0 0 0-2-2M2 6H0v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h18v-2H2V6z"/></svg><span>Media Manager</span></a></li><li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=index" title="Sitemap [x]" rel="nofollow" accesskey="x" class="menuitem index"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 3h6v4H3V3m12 7h6v4h-6v-4m0 7h6v4h-6v-4m-2-4H7v5h6v2H5V9h2v2h6v2z"/></svg><span>Sitemap</span></a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li class="divider" role="separator"></li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="dropdown-header">
|
||
|
|
<span class="iconify" data-icon="mdi:file-document-outline"></span> Page Tools </li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=" title="Show page [v]" rel="nofollow" accesskey="v" class="menuitem show"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 9h5.5L13 3.5V9M6 2h8l6 6v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4c0-1.11.89-2 2-2m9 16v-2H6v2h9m3-4v-2H6v2h12z"/></svg><span>Show page</span></a></li><li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=revisions" title="Old revisions [o]" rel="nofollow" accesskey="o" class="menuitem revs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 7v5.11l4.71 2.79.79-1.28-4-2.37V7m0-5C8.97 2 5.91 3.92 4.27 6.77L2 4.5V11h6.5L5.75 8.25C6.96 5.73 9.5 4 12.5 4a7.5 7.5 0 0 1 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 0 0 1-7.5 7.5c-3.27 0-6.03-2.09-7.06-5h-2.1c1.1 4.03 4.77 7 9.16 7 5.24 0 9.5-4.25 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12.5 2z"/></svg><span>Old revisions</span></a></li><li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=backlink" title="Backlinks" rel="nofollow" class="menuitem backlink"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10.59 13.41c.41.39.41 1.03 0 1.42-.39.39-1.03.39-1.42 0a5.003 5.003 0 0 1 0-7.07l3.54-3.54a5.003 5.003 0 0 1 7.07 0 5.003 5.003 0 0 1 0 7.07l-1.49 1.49c.01-.82-.12-1.64-.4-2.42l.47-.48a2.982 2.982 0 0 0 0-4.24 2.982 2.982 0 0 0-4.24 0l-3.53 3.53a2.982 2.982 0 0 0 0 4.24m2.82-4.24c.39-.39 1.03-.39 1.42 0a5.003 5.003 0 0 1 0 7.07l-3.54 3.54a5.003 5.003 0 0 1-7.07 0 5.003 5.003 0 0 1 0-7.07l1.49-1.49c-.01.82.12 1.64.4 2.43l-.47.47a2.982 2.982 0 0 0 0 4.24 2.982 2.982 0 0 0 4.24 0l3.53-3.53a2.982 2.982 0 0 0 0-4.24.973.973 0 0 1 0-1.42z"/></svg><span>Backlinks</span></a></li><li class="action"><a href="#dokuwiki__top" title="Back to top [t]" rel="nofollow" accesskey="t" class="menuitem top"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8v12z"/></svg><span>Back to top</span></a></li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
<!-- /tools-menu -->
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<span class="dw__actions dw-action-icon">
|
||
|
|
<a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=register" title="Register" rel="nofollow" class="menuitem register btn btn-success navbar-btn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15 14c-2.67 0-8 1.33-8 4v2h16v-2c0-2.67-5.33-4-8-4m-9-4V7H4v3H1v2h3v3h2v-3h3v-2m6 2a4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4z"/></svg><span class=""> Register</span></a><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=login&sectok=" title="Log In" rel="nofollow" class="menuitem login btn btn-default navbar-btn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 17.25V14H3v-4h7V6.75L15.25 12 10 17.25M8 2h9a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v16a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4h2v4h9V4H8v4H6V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2z"/></svg><span class=""> Log In</span></a> </span>
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
<!-- navbar -->
|
||
|
|
<div align="center">
|
||
|
|
<script async src="//web.archive.org/web/20220701142324js_/https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
<!-- BHORG_BOTTOM -->
|
||
|
|
<ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:728px;height:90px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4658830517838678" data-ad-slot="1603598940"></ins>
|
||
|
|
<script>
|
||
|
|
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
|
||
|
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</header>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a name="dokuwiki__top" id="dokuwiki__top"></a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<main role="main" class="dw-container pb-5 dokuwiki container-fluid mx-5">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div id="dokuwiki__pageheader">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<!-- breadcrumbs -->
|
||
|
|
<nav id="dw__breadcrumbs" class="small">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr/>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="dw__youarehere">
|
||
|
|
<ol class="breadcrumb" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li>You are here</li><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/start" itemprop="item" title="start"><span itemprop="name"><span class="iconify" data-icon="mdi:home"></span></span></a></li><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemprop="item" href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/start" class="wikilink1" title="syntax:start">Syntax</a></li><li class="active" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><span itemprop="name"><a itemprop="item" href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr" class="wikilink1" title="syntax:arith_expr">Arithmetic expressions</a></span></li></ol> </div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="dw__breadcrumbs hidden-print">
|
||
|
|
<ol class="breadcrumb"><li>Trace</li> </div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<hr/>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
<!-- /breadcrumbs -->
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p class="text-right">
|
||
|
|
<span class="pageId ml-1 label label-primary">syntax:arith_expr</span> </p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div id="dw__msgarea" class="small">
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="row">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<article id="dokuwiki__content" class="col-sm-12 col-md-12 " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" itemref="dw__license">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<!-- page-tools -->
|
||
|
|
<nav id="dw__pagetools" class="hidden-print">
|
||
|
|
<div class="tools panel panel-default">
|
||
|
|
<ul class="nav nav-stacked nav-pills text-muted">
|
||
|
|
<li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=" title="Show page [v]" rel="nofollow" accesskey="v" class="menuitem show"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 9h5.5L13 3.5V9M6 2h8l6 6v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H6a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4c0-1.11.89-2 2-2m9 16v-2H6v2h9m3-4v-2H6v2h12z"/></svg><span>Show page</span></a></li><li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=revisions" title="Old revisions [o]" rel="nofollow" accesskey="o" class="menuitem revs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 7v5.11l4.71 2.79.79-1.28-4-2.37V7m0-5C8.97 2 5.91 3.92 4.27 6.77L2 4.5V11h6.5L5.75 8.25C6.96 5.73 9.5 4 12.5 4a7.5 7.5 0 0 1 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 0 0 1-7.5 7.5c-3.27 0-6.03-2.09-7.06-5h-2.1c1.1 4.03 4.77 7 9.16 7 5.24 0 9.5-4.25 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12.5 2z"/></svg><span>Old revisions</span></a></li><li class="action"><a href="/web/20220701142324/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/arith_expr?do=backlink" title="Backlinks" rel="nofollow" class="menuitem backlink"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10.59 13.41c.41.39.41 1.03 0 1.42-.39.39-1.03.39-1.42 0a5.003 5.003 0 0 1 0-7.07l3.54-3.54a5.003 5.003 0 0 1 7.07 0 5.003 5.003 0 0 1 0 7.07l-1.49 1.49c.01-.82-.12-1.64-.4-2.42l.47-.48a2.982 2.982 0 0 0 0-4.24 2.982 2.982 0 0 0-4.24 0l-3.53 3.53a2.982 2.982 0 0 0 0 4.24m2.82-4.24c.39-.39 1.03-.39 1.42 0a5.003 5.003 0 0 1 0 7.07l-3.54 3.54a5.003 5.003 0 0 1-7.07 0 5.003 5.003 0 0 1 0-7.07l1.49-1.49c-.01.82.12 1.64.4 2.43l-.47.47a2.982 2.982 0 0 0 0 4.24 2.982 2.982 0 0 0 4.24 0l3.53-3.53a2.982 2.982 0 0 0 0-4.24.973.973 0 0 1 0-1.42z"/></svg><span>Backlinks</span></a></li><li class="action"><a href="#dokuwiki__top" title="Back to top [t]" rel="nofollow" accesskey="t" class="menuitem top"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8v12z"/></svg><span>Back to top</span></a></li> </ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
<!-- /page-tools -->
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="panel panel-default px-3 py-2" itemprop="articleBody">
|
||
|
|
<div class="page panel-body">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="dw-content-page "><!-- content --><div class="dw-content"><p>
|
||
|
|
This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="editBox" role="application">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="toolbar group">
|
||
|
|
<div id="draft__status" class="draft__status"></div>
|
||
|
|
<div id="tool__bar" class="tool__bar"></div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<form id="dw__editform" method="post" action="" accept-charset="utf-8" class=" form-inline"><div class="no">
|
||
|
|
<input type="hidden" name="sectok" value=""/><input type="hidden" name="id" value="syntax:arith_expr"/><input type="hidden" name="rev" value="0"/><input type="hidden" name="date" value="0"/><input type="hidden" name="prefix" value="."/><input type="hidden" name="suffix" value=""/><input type="hidden" name="changecheck" value="9038a9e3e81837b2fe8b3e70508aa6dd"/><input type="hidden" name="target" value="section"/><textarea name="wikitext" id="wiki__text" dir="auto" class="edit form-control" cols="80" rows="10" tabindex="1" readonly="readonly">
|
||
|
|
====== Arithmetic expressions ======
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
{{keywords>bash shell scripting math arithmetic C calculation integer}}
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Arithmetic expressions are used in several situations:
|
||
|
|
* [[syntax:ccmd:arithmetic_eval | arithmetic evaluation command]]
|
||
|
|
* [[syntax:expansion:arith | arithmetic expansion]]
|
||
|
|
* [[syntax:pe#substring_expansion | substring parameter expansion]]
|
||
|
|
* [[commands:builtin:let | the ''let'' builtin command]]
|
||
|
|
* [[syntax:ccmd:c_for | C-style for loop]]
|
||
|
|
* [[syntax:arrays | array indexing]]
|
||
|
|
* [[syntax:ccmd:conditional_expression | conditional expressions]]
|
||
|
|
* Assignment statements, and arguments to declaration commands of variables with the integer attribute.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
These expressions are evaluated following some rules described below. The operators and rules of arithmetic expressions are mainly derived from the C programming language.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
This article describes the theory of the used syntax and the behaviour. To get practical examples without big explanations, see [[http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashGuide/CompoundCommands#Arithmetic_Evaluation | this page on Greg's wiki]].
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
===== Constants =====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Mathematical constants are simply fixed values you write: ''1'', ''3567'', or ''4326''. Bash interprets some notations specially:
|
||
|
|
* ''0...'' (leading zero) is interpreted as an **octal** value
|
||
|
|
* ''0x...'' is interpreted as a **hex** value
|
||
|
|
* ''0X...'' also interpreted as a **hex**
|
||
|
|
* ''<BASE>#...'' is interpreted as a number according to the **specified base** ''<BASE>'', e.g., ''2#00111011'' (see below)
|
||
|
|
If you have a constant set in a variable, like,
|
||
|
|
<code>
|
||
|
|
x=03254
|
||
|
|
</code>
|
||
|
|
this is interpreted as an octal value. If you want it to be interpreted as a decimal value, you need to expand the parameter and specify base 10:
|
||
|
|
<code>
|
||
|
|
# this is interpreted as a decimal:
|
||
|
|
echo $(( 10#$x ))
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# this is interpreted as an octal:
|
||
|
|
echo $(( x ))
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# this is an invalid digit for base 10 (the "x")...:
|
||
|
|
echo $(( 10#x ))
|
||
|
|
</code>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
===== Different bases =====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
For a constant, the base can be specified using the form
|
||
|
|
<code>
|
||
|
|
<BASE>#<DIGITS...>
|
||
|
|
</code>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Regardless of the specified base, the arithmetic expressions will, if ever displayed, be **displayed in decimal**!
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
When no base is specified, the base 10 (decimal) is assumed, except when the prefixes as mentioned above (octals, hexadecimals) are present. The specified base can range from 2 to 64. To represent digits in a specified base greater than 10, characters other than 0 to 9 are needed (in this order, low => high):
|
||
|
|
* ''0 ... 9''
|
||
|
|
* ''a ... z''
|
||
|
|
* ''A ... Z''
|
||
|
|
* ''@''
|
||
|
|
* ''_''
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Let's quickly invent a new number system with base 43 to show what I mean:
|
||
|
|
<code>
|
||
|
|
$ echo $((43#1))
|
||
|
|
1
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
$ echo $((43#a))
|
||
|
|
10
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
$echo $((43#A))
|
||
|
|
36
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
$ echo $((43#G))
|
||
|
|
42
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
$ echo $((43#H))
|
||
|
|
bash: 43#H: value too great for base (error token is "43#H")
|
||
|
|
</code>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
If you have no clue what a base is and why there might be other bases, and what numbers are and how they are built, then you don't need different bases.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
If you want to convert between the usual bases (octal, decimal, hex), use [[commands:builtin:printf | the printf command]] and its format strings.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
===== Shell variables =====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Shell variables can of course be used as operands, even when the integer attribute is not turned on (by ''declare -i <NAME>''). If the variable is empty (null) or unset, its reference evaluates to 0. If the variable doesn't hold a value that looks like a valid expression (numbers or operations), the expression is re-used to reference, for example, the named parameters, e.g.:
|
||
|
|
<code>
|
||
|
|
test=string
|
||
|
|
string=3
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
echo $((test))
|
||
|
|
# will output "3"!
|
||
|
|
</code>
|
||
|
|
Of course, in the end, when it finally evaluates to something that is **not** a valid arithmetic expression (newlines, ordinary text, ...) then you'll get an error.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
When variables are referenced, the notation ''1 + $X'' is equivalent to the notation ''1 + X'', both are allowed.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
When variables are referenced like ''$X'', the rules of [[syntax:pe | parameter expansion]] apply and are performed **before** the expression is evaluated. Thus, a construct like ''${MYSTRING:4:3}'' is valid inside an arithmetic expression.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
===== Truth =====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Unlike command exit and return codes, arithmetic expressions evaluate to logical "true" when they are not 0. When they are 0, they evaluate to "false". The [[syntax:ccmd:arithmetic_eval | arithmetic evaluation compound command]] reverses the "truth" of an arithmetic expression to match the "truth" of command exit codes:
|
||
|
|
* if the arithmetic expression brings up a value not 0 (arithmetic true), it returns 0 (shell true)
|
||
|
|
* if the arithmetic expression evaluates to 0 (arithmetic false), it returns 1 (shell false)
|
||
|
|
That means, the following ''if''-clause will execute the ''else''-thread:
|
||
|
|
<code>
|
||
|
|
if ((0)); then
|
||
|
|
echo "true"
|
||
|
|
else
|
||
|
|
echo "false"
|
||
|
|
fi
|
||
|
|
</code>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
===== Operators =====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
==== Assignment ====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
^Operator^Description^
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> = <EXPR>''|normal assignment|
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> *= <EXPR>''|equivalent to ''<ID> = <ID> * <EXPR>'', see [[syntax:arith_expr#calculations | calculation operators]]|
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> /= <EXPR>''|equivalent to ''<ID> = <ID> / <EXPR>'', see [[syntax:arith_expr#calculations | calculation operators]]|
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> %= <EXPR>''|equivalent to ''<ID> = <ID> % <EXPR>'', see [[syntax:arith_expr#calculations | calculation operators]]|
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> += <EXPR>''|equivalent to ''<ID> = <ID> + <EXPR>'', see [[syntax:arith_expr#calculations | calculation operators]]|
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> -= <EXPR>''|equivalent to ''<ID> = <ID> - <EXPR>'', see [[syntax:arith_expr#calculations | calculation operators]]|
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> <nowiki><<=</nowiki> <NUMBER>''|equivalent to ''<ID> = <ID> <nowiki><<</nowiki> <NUMBER>'', see [[syntax:arith_expr#bit_operations | bit operations]]|
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> <nowiki>>>=</nowiki> <NUMBER>''|equivalent to ''<ID> = <ID> <nowiki>>></nowiki> <NUMBER>'', see [[syntax:arith_expr#bit_operations | bit operations]]|
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> &= <EXPR>''|equivalent to ''<ID> = <ID> & <EXPR>'', see [[syntax:arith_expr#bit_operations | bit operations]]|
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> ^= <EXPR>''|equivalent to ''<ID> = <ID> ^ <EXPR>'', see [[syntax:arith_expr#bit_operations | bit operations]]|
|
||
|
|
|''<ID> <nowiki>|=</nowiki> <EXPR>''|equivalent to ''<ID> = <ID> <nowiki>|</nowiki> <EXPR>'', see [[syntax:arith_expr#bit_operations | bit operations]]|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
==== Calculations ====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
^Operator^Description^
|
||
|
|
|''*''|multiplication|
|
||
|
|
|''/''|division|
|
||
|
|
|''%''|remainder (modulo)|
|
||
|
|
|''+''|addition|
|
||
|
|
|''-''|subtraction|
|
||
|
|
|''<nowiki>**</nowiki>''|exponentiation|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
==== Comparisons ====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
^Operator^Description^
|
||
|
|
|''<''|comparison: less than|
|
||
|
|
|''>''|comparison: greater than|
|
||
|
|
|''<nowiki><=</nowiki>''|comparison: less than or equal|
|
||
|
|
|''<nowiki>>=</nowiki>''|comparison: greater than or equal|
|
||
|
|
|''<nowiki>==</nowiki>''|equality|
|
||
|
|
|''!=''|inequality|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
==== Bit operations ====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
^Operator^Description^
|
||
|
|
|''~''|bitwise negation|
|
||
|
|
|''<nowiki><<</nowiki>''|bitwise shifting (left)|
|
||
|
|
|''<nowiki>>></nowiki>''|bitwise shifting (right)|
|
||
|
|
|''&''|bitwise AND|
|
||
|
|
|''^''|bitwise exclusive OR (XOR)|
|
||
|
|
|''|''|bitwise OR|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
==== Logical ====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
^Operator^Description^
|
||
|
|
|''!''|logical negation|
|
||
|
|
|''<nowiki>&&</nowiki>''|logical AND|
|
||
|
|
|''<nowiki>||</nowiki>''|logical OR|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
==== Misc ====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
^ Operator ^ Description ^
|
||
|
|
| ''id++'' | **post-increment** of the variable ''id'' (not required by POSIX(r)) |
|
||
|
|
| ''id%%--%%'' | **post-decrement** of the variable ''id'' (not required by POSIX(r)) |
|
||
|
|
| ''++id'' | **pre-increment** of the variable ''id'' (not required by POSIX(r)) |
|
||
|
|
| ''%%--%%id'' | **pre-decrement** of the variable ''id'' (not required by POSIX(r)) |
|
||
|
|
| ''+'' | unary plus |
|
||
|
|
| ''-'' | unary minus |
|
||
|
|
| ''<EXPR> ? <EXPR> : <EXPR>'' | conditional (ternary) operator \\ <condition> ? <result-if-true> : <result-if-false> |
|
||
|
|
| ''<EXPR> , <EXPR>'' | expression list |
|
||
|
|
| ''( <EXPR> )'' | subexpression (to force precedence) |
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
===== Precedence =====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The operator precedence is as follows (highest -> lowest):
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* Postfix (''id++'', ''<nowiki>id--</nowiki>'')
|
||
|
|
* Prefix (''++id'', ''<nowiki>--id</nowiki>'')
|
||
|
|
* Unary minus and plus (''-'', ''+'')
|
||
|
|
* Logical and bitwise negation (''!'', ''~'')
|
||
|
|
* Exponentiation (''<nowiki>**</nowiki>'')
|
||
|
|
* Multiplication, division, remainder (''*'', ''/'', ''%'')
|
||
|
|
* Addition, subtraction (''+'', ''-'')
|
||
|
|
* Bitwise shifts (''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'', ''<nowiki>>></nowiki>'')
|
||
|
|
* Comparison (''<'', ''>'', ''<nowiki><=</nowiki>'', ''<nowiki>>=</nowiki>'')
|
||
|
|
* (In-)equality (''<nowiki>==</nowiki>'', ''!='')
|
||
|
|
* Bitwise AND (''&'')
|
||
|
|
* Bitwise XOR (''^'')
|
||
|
|
* Bitwise OR (''|'')
|
||
|
|
* Logical AND (''<nowiki>&&</nowiki>'')
|
||
|
|
* Logical OR (''<nowiki>||</nowiki>'')
|
||
|
|
* Ternary operator (''<EXPR> ? <EXPR> : <EXPR>'')
|
||
|
|
* Assignments (''='', ''*='', ''/='', ''%='', ''+='', ''-='', ''<nowiki><<=</nowiki>'', ''<nowiki>>>=</nowiki>'', ''&='', ''^='', ''|='')
|
||
|
|
* Expression list operator (''<EXPR> , <EXPR>'')
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The precedence can be adjusted using subexpressions of the form ''( <EXPR> )'' at any time. These subexpressions are always evaluated first.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
===== Arithmetic expressions and return codes =====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Bash's overall language construct is based on exit codes or return codes of commands or functions to be executed. ''if'' statements, ''while'' loops, etc., they all take the return codes of commands as conditions.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Now the problem is: The return codes (0 means "TRUE" or "SUCCESS", not 0 means "FALSE" or "FAILURE") don't correspond to the meaning of the result of an arithmetic expression (0 means "FALSE", not 0 means "TRUE").
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
That's why all commands and keywords that do arithmetic operations attempt to **translate** the arithmetical meaning into an equivalent return code. This simply means:
|
||
|
|
* if the arithmetic operation evaluates to 0 ("FALSE"), the return code is not 0 ("FAILURE")
|
||
|
|
* if the arithmetic operation evaluates to 1 ("TRUE"), the return code is 0 ("SUCCESS")
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
This way, you can easily use arithmetic expressions (along with the commands or keywords that operate them) as conditions for ''if'', ''while'' and all the others, including ''set -e'' for autoexit on error:
|
||
|
|
<code bash>
|
||
|
|
MY_TEST_FLAG=0
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if ((MY_TEST_FLAG)); then
|
||
|
|
echo "MY_TEST_FLAG is ON"
|
||
|
|
else
|
||
|
|
echo "MY_TEST_FLAG is OFF"
|
||
|
|
fi
|
||
|
|
</code>
|
||
|
|
<WRAP center round important>
|
||
|
|
Beware that ''set -e'' can change the runtime behavior of scripts. For example,
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
This non-equivalence of code behavior deserves some attention.
|
||
|
|
Consider what happens if v happens to be zero in the expression below:
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<code bash>((v += 0))
|
||
|
|
echo $?</code>
|
||
|
|
1
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
("FAILURE")
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<code bash>v=$((v + 0))
|
||
|
|
echo $?</code>
|
||
|
|
0
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
("SUCCESS")
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The return code behavior is not equivalent to the arithmetic behavior, as has been noted.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
A workaround is to use a list operation that returns True, or use the second assignment style.
|
||
|
|
<code bash>((v += 0)) || :
|
||
|
|
echo $?</code>
|
||
|
|
0
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
("SUCCESS")
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
This change in code behavior was discovered once the script was run under set -e.
|
||
|
|
</WRAP>
|
||
|
|
===== Arithmetic expressions in Bash =====
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* [[syntax:ccmd:c_for | The C-style for-loop]]
|
||
|
|
* [[syntax:expansion:arith | Arithmetic expansion]]
|
||
|
|
* [[syntax:ccmd:arithmetic_eval | Arithmetic evaluation compound command]]
|
||
|
|
* [[commands:builtin:let | The "let" builtin command]]
|
||
|
|
</textarea>
|
||
|
|
<div id="wiki__editbar" class="editBar">
|
||
|
|
<div id="size__ctl">
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div></form>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div><!-- /content --></div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="small text-right">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<span class="docInfo">
|
||
|
|
<ul class="list-inline"><li><span class="iconify text-muted" data-icon="mdi:file-document-outline"></span> <span title="syntax/arith_expr.txt">syntax/arith_expr.txt</span></li><li><span class="iconify text-muted" data-icon="mdi:calendar"></span> Last modified: <span title="2017/02/11 14:22">2017/02/11 14:22</span></li><li class="text-muted">by <bdi>fgrose</bdi></li></ul> </span>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</article>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</main>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<footer id="dw__footer" class="dw-container py-5 dokuwiki container-fluid">
|
||
|
|
<hr/>
|
||
|
|
<div align="center">
|
||
|
|
<h3><a target="_blank" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220701142324/http://www.performing-databases.com/">This site is supported by Performing Databases - your experts for database administration</a></h3>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<hr/>
|
||
|
|
<div align="center">
|
||
|
|
<script async src="//web.archive.org/web/20220701142324js_/https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
|
||
|
|
<!-- BHORG_BOTTOM -->
|
||
|
|
<ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:728px;height:90px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4658830517838678" data-ad-slot="1603598940"></ins>
|
||
|
|
<script>
|
||
|
|
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
|
||
|
|
</script>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<!-- footer -->
|
||
|
|
<div class="dw-container small container-fluid mx-5">
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="footer-dw-title">
|
||
|
|
<div class="media">
|
||
|
|
<div class="media-left">
|
||
|
|
<img src="/web/20220701142324im_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/images/logo.png" alt="Bash Hackers Wiki" class="media-object" style="height:32px"/>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div class="media-body">
|
||
|
|
<div class="row">
|
||
|
|
<div class="col-sm-2">
|
||
|
|
<h4 class="media-heading">Bash Hackers Wiki</h4>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div class="col-sm-10">
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="footer-license row">
|
||
|
|
<hr/>
|
||
|
|
<div id="dw__license" class="col-sm-6">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220701142324/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html" title="GNU Free Documentation License 1.3" target="" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemprop="license" rel="license" class="license"><img src="/web/20220701142324im_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/images/license/gnufdl.png" width="24" height="24" alt="gnufdl"/> </a> </p>
|
||
|
|
<p class="small">
|
||
|
|
Except where otherwise noted, content on this wiki is licensed under the following license:<br/><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220701142324/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html" title="GNU Free Documentation License 1.3" target="" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemprop="license" rel="license" class="license">GNU Free Documentation License 1.3</a> </p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="col-sm-6">
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<!-- /footer -->
|
||
|
|
</footer>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<a href="#dokuwiki__top" class="back-to-top hidden-print btn btn-default" title="skip to content" accesskey="t">
|
||
|
|
<span class="iconify" data-icon="mdi:chevron-up"></span> </a>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div id="screen__mode"> <span class="visible-xs-block"></span>
|
||
|
|
<span class="visible-sm-block"></span>
|
||
|
|
<span class="visible-md-block"></span>
|
||
|
|
<span class="visible-lg-block"></span>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<img src="/web/20220701142324im_/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/lib/exe/indexer.php?id=syntax%3Aarith_expr&1656685406" width="2" height="1" alt=""/>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</body>
|
||
|
|
</html>
|
||
|
|
<!--
|
||
|
|
FILE ARCHIVED ON 14:23:24 Jul 01, 2022 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE
|
||
|
|
INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 11:36:11 Apr 14, 2023.
|
||
|
|
JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C.
|
||
|
|
SECTION 108(a)(3)).
|
||
|
|
-->
|
||
|
|
<!--
|
||
|
|
playback timings (ms):
|
||
|
|
captures_list: 81.136
|
||
|
|
exclusion.robots: 0.19
|
||
|
|
exclusion.robots.policy: 0.175
|
||
|
|
cdx.remote: 0.092
|
||
|
|
esindex: 0.011
|
||
|
|
LoadShardBlock: 45.723 (3)
|
||
|
|
PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 47.693 (4)
|
||
|
|
load_resource: 574.001
|
||
|
|
PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 545.628
|
||
|
|
-->
|