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====== Brace expansion ======
{{keywords&gt;bash shell scripting expansion substitution text list brace}}
&lt;code&gt;
{string1,string2,...,stringN}
{&lt;START&gt;..&lt;END&gt;}
{&lt;START&gt;..&lt;END&gt;..&lt;INCR&gt;} (Bash 4)
&lt;PREFIX&gt;{........}
{........}&lt;SUFFIX&gt;
&lt;PREFIX&gt;{........}&lt;SUFFIX&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;
Brace expansion is used to generate arbitrary strings. The specified strings are used to generate **all possible combinations** with the optional surrounding prefixes and suffixes.
Usually it's used to generate mass-arguments for a command, that follow a specific naming-scheme.
:!: It is the very first step in expansion-handling, it's important to understand that. When you use
&lt;code&gt;
echo {a,b}$PATH
&lt;/code&gt;
then the brace expansion **does not expand the variable** - this is done in a **later step**. Brace expansion just makes it being:
&lt;code&gt;
echo a$PATH b$PATH
&lt;/code&gt;
Another common pitfall is to assume that a range like ''{1..200}'' can be expressed with variables using ''{$a..$b}''. Due to what I described above, it **simply is not possible**, because it's the very first step in doing expansions. A possible way to achieve this, if you really can't handle this in another way, is using the ''eval'' command, which basically evaluates a commandline twice: &lt;code&gt;eval echo {$a..$b}&lt;/code&gt; For instance, when embedded inside a for loop : &lt;code&gt;for i in $(eval echo {$a..$b})&lt;/code&gt; This requires that the entire command be properly escaped to avoid unexpected expansions. If the sequence expansion is to be assigned to an array, another method is possible using [[commands:builtin:declare|declaration commands]]: &lt;code&gt;declare -a 'pics=(img{'&quot;$a..$b&quot;'}.png)'; mv &quot;${pics[@]}&quot; ../imgs&lt;/code&gt; This is significantly safer, but one must still be careful to control the values of $a and $b. Both the exact quoting, and explicitly including &quot;-a&quot; are important.
The brace expansion is present in two basic forms, **string lists** and **ranges**.
It can be switched on and off under runtime by using the ''set'' builtin and the option ''-B'' and ''+B'' or the long option ''braceexpand''. If brace expansion is enabled, the stringlist in ''SHELLOPTS'' contains ''braceexpand''.
===== String lists =====
&lt;code&gt;
{string1,string2,...,stringN}
&lt;/code&gt;
Without the optional prefix and suffix strings, the result is just a space-separated list of the given strings:
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo {I,want,my,money,back}
I want my money back
&lt;/code&gt;
With prefix or suffix strings, the result is a space-separated list of **all possible combinations** of prefix or suffix specified strings:
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo _{I,want,my,money,back}
_I _want _my _money _back
$ echo {I,want,my,money,back}_
I_ want_ my_ money_ back_
$ echo _{I,want,my,money,back}-
_I- _want- _my- _money- _back-
&lt;/code&gt;
The brace expansion is only performed, if the given string list is really a **list of strings**, i.e., if there is a minimum of one &quot;'',''&quot; (comma)! Something like ''{money}'' doesn't expand to something special, it's really only the text &quot;''{money}''&quot;.
===== Ranges =====
&lt;code&gt;
{&lt;START&gt;..&lt;END&gt;}
&lt;/code&gt;
Brace expansion using ranges is written giving the startpoint and the endpoint of the range. This is a &quot;sequence expression&quot;. The sequences can be of two types
* integers (optionally zero padded, optionally with a given increment)
* characters
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo {5..12}
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
$ echo {c..k}
c d e f g h i j k
&lt;/code&gt;
When you mix these both types, brace expansion is **not** performed:
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo {5..k}
{5..k}
&lt;/code&gt;
When you zero pad one of the numbers (or both) in a range, then the generated range is zero padded, too:
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo {01..10}
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
&lt;/code&gt;
There's a chapter of Bash 4 brace expansion changes at [[#new_in_bash_4.0 | the end of this article]].
Similar to the expansion using stringlists, you can add prefix and suffix strings:
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo 1.{0..9}
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
$ echo ---{A..E}---
---A--- ---B--- ---C--- ---D--- ---E---
&lt;/code&gt;
===== Combining and nesting =====
When you combine more brace expansions, you effectively use a brace expansion as prefix or suffix for another one. Let's generate all possible combinations of uppercase letters and digits:
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo {A..Z}{0..9}
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
C7 C8 C9 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 F0 F1 F2 F3
F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 G0 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 H0 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 I0
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 K0 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7
K8 K9 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 N0 N1 N2 N3 N4
N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9 P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 Q0 Q1
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
S9 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
V6 V7 V8 V9 W0 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 Y0 Y1 Y2
Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Z0 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9
&lt;/code&gt;
Hey.. that **saves you writing** 260 strings!
Brace expansions can be nested, but too much of it usually makes you losing overview a bit ;-)
Here's a sample to generate the alphabet, first the uppercase letters, then the lowercase ones:
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo {{A..Z},{a..z}}
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
&lt;/code&gt;
===== Common use and examples =====
==== Massdownload from the Web ====
In this example, ''wget'' is used to download documentation that is split over several numbered webpages.
''wget'' won't see your braces. It will see **6 different URLs** to download.
&lt;code&gt;
wget http://docs.example.com/documentation/slides_part{1,2,3,4,5,6}.html
&lt;/code&gt;
Of course it's possible, and even easier, to do that with a sequence:
&lt;code&gt;
wget http://docs.example.com/documentation/slides_part{1..6}.html
&lt;/code&gt;
==== Generate a subdirectory structure ====
Your life is hard? Let's ease it a bit - that's what shells are here for.
&lt;code&gt;
mkdir /home/bash/test/{foo,bar,baz,cat,dog}
&lt;/code&gt;
==== Generate numbers with a prefix 001 002 ... ====
* Using a prefix:
&lt;code&gt;
for i in 0{1..9} 10; do printf &quot;%s\n&quot; &quot;$i&quot;;done
&lt;/code&gt;
If you need to create words with the number embedded, you can use nested brace:
&lt;code&gt;
printf &quot;%s\n&quot; img{00{1..9},0{10..99},{100..999}}.png
&lt;/code&gt;
* Formatting the numbers with printf:
&lt;code&gt;
echo $(printf &quot;img%02d.png &quot; {1..99})
&lt;/code&gt;
See the [[#news_in_bash_4.0 | text below]] for a new Bash 4 method.
==== Repeating arguments or words ====
&lt;code&gt;
somecommand -v -v -v -v -v
&lt;/code&gt;
Can be written as
&lt;code&gt;
somecommand -v{,,,,}
&lt;/code&gt;
...which is a kind of a hack, but hey, it works.
&lt;div round info&gt;
=== More fun ===
The most optimal possible brace expansion to expand n arguments of course consists of n's prime factors. We can use the &quot;factor&quot; program bundled with GNU coreutils to emit a brace expansion that will expand any number of arguments.
&lt;code&gt;
function braceify {
[[ $1 == +([[:digit:]]) ]] || return
typeset -a a
read -ra a &lt; &lt;(factor &quot;$1&quot;)
eval &quot;echo $(printf '{$(printf ,%%.s {1..%s})}' &quot;${a[@]:1}&quot;)&quot;
}
printf 'eval printf &quot;$arg&quot;%s' &quot;$(braceify 1000000)&quot;
&lt;/code&gt;
&quot;Braceify&quot; generates the expansion code itself. In this example we inject that output into a template which displays the most terse brace expansion code that would expand ''&quot;$arg&quot;'' 1,000,000 times if evaluated. In this case, the output is:
&lt;code&gt;
eval printf &quot;$arg&quot;{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}{,,,,,}
&lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
===== New in Bash 4.0 =====
==== Zero padded number expansion ====
Prefix either of the numbers in a numeric range with ''0'' to pad the expanded numbers with the correct amount of zeros:
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo {0001..5}
0001 0002 0003 0004 0005
&lt;/code&gt;
==== Increment ====
It is now possible to specify an increment using ranges:
&lt;code&gt;
{&lt;START&gt;..&lt;END&gt;..&lt;INCR&gt;}
&lt;/code&gt;
''&lt;INCR&gt;'' is numeric, you can use a negative integer but the correct sign is deduced from the order of ''&lt;START&gt;'' and ''&lt;END&gt;'' anyways.
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo {1..10..2}
1 3 5 7 9
$ echo {10..1..2}
10 8 6 4 2
&lt;/code&gt;
Interesting feature: The increment specification also works for letter-ranges:
&lt;code&gt;
$ echo {a..z..3}
a d g j m p s v y
&lt;/code&gt;
===== See also =====
* [[syntax:expansion:intro | Introduction to expansion and substitution]]</textarea>
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<ul class="list-inline"><li><span class="iconify text-muted" data-icon="mdi:file-document-outline"></span> <span title="syntax/expansion/brace.txt">syntax/expansion/brace.txt</span></li><li><span class="iconify text-muted" data-icon="mdi:calendar"></span> Last modified: <span title="2020/06/28 01:16">2020/06/28 01:16</span></li><li class="text-muted">by <bdi>fgrose</bdi></li></ul> </span>
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