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60 lines
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HTML
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12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-source__repository> flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki </div> </a> </div> </nav> </header> <div class=md-container data-md-component=container> <nav class=md-tabs aria-label=Tabs data-md-component=tabs> <div class=md-grid> <ul class=md-tabs__list> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../.. class=md-tabs__link> Start </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../commands/classictest/ class=md-tabs__link> Commands </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../dict/directory/ class=md-tabs__link> Dict </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../howto/calculate-dc/ class=md-tabs__link> Howto </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../internals/shell_options/ class=md-tabs__link> Internals </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../misc/bashphorisms/ class=md-tabs__link> Misc </a> </li> <li class="md-tabs__item md-tabs__item--active"> <a href=../bashbehaviour/ class=md-tabs__link> Scripting </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ class=md-tabs__link> Snipplets </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../syntax/arith_expr/ class=md-tabs__link> Syntax </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../tags/ class=md-tabs__link> Tags </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <main class=md-main data-md-component=main> <div class="md-main__inner md-grid"> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=navigation> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary md-nav--lifted" aria-label=Navigation 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5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-source__repository> flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki </div> </a> </div> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../.. class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Start </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2 id=__nav_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Commands </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Commands </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/classictest/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The classic test command </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2_2 id=__nav_2_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Builtin </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Builtin </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/caller/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The caller builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/cd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The cd builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/declare/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The declare builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/echo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The echo builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/eval/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The eval builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/exec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The exec builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/exit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The exit builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/export/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The export builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/kill/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The kill builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/let/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The let builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/local/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The local builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/mapfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The mapfile builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/printf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The printf command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/read/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The read builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/readonly/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The readonly builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/return/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The return builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/set/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The set builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/shift/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The shift builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/shopt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The shopt builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/trap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The trap builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/unset/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The unset builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/wait/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The wait builtin command </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_3 id=__nav_3_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dict </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Dict </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/directory/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Directory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/end_of_options/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> End of Options </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/exit_status/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Exit Status </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> File </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/filetimes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> File timestamp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/globbing/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Globbing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/hardlink/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hardlink </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/interpreter_directive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Interpreter Directive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/parameter/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/posix/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> POSIX </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/shell/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/special_file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/symlink/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Symlink </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4 id=__nav_4_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Howto </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Howto </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/calculate-dc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Calculating with dc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/collapsing_functions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Collapsing Functions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/conffile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Config files for your script </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/dissectabadoneliner/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dissect a bad oneliner </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/edit-ed/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Editing files via scripts with ed </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/getopts_tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Small getopts tutorial </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/mutex/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Lock your script (against parallel execution) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/pax/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pax - the POSIX archiver </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/redirection_tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Illustrated Redirection Tutorial </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/testing-your-scripts/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Testing your scripts </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_5> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_5 id=__nav_5_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Internals </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Internals </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../internals/shell_options/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> List of shell options </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_6> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_6 id=__nav_6_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Misc </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_6_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Misc </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/bashphorisms/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The Bashphorisms </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/readthesourceluke/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Readthesourceluke </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/shell_humor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell Humor </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_7 checked> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_7 id=__nav_7_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_7_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_7> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Scripting </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../bashbehaviour/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash's behaviour </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../bashchanges/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash changes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../basics/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The basics of shell scripting </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../debuggingtips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Debugging a script </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../newbie_traps/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Beginner Mistakes </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> <span class=md-ellipsis> Portability talk </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> <span class=md-ellipsis> Portability talk </span> </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#portability-rationale class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Portability rationale </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Portability rationale"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#environment-exported-variables class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Environment (exported) variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#arithmetics class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetics </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#echo-command class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> echo command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#parameter-expansions class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter expansions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#special-variables class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special variables </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Special variables"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#pwd class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> PWD </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#random class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> RANDOM </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#seconds class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SECONDS </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#check-for-a-command-in-path class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Check for a command in PATH </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Check for a command in PATH"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#hash class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hash </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#command class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> command </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../obsolete/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Obsolete and deprecated syntax </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../posparams/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Handling positional parameters </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../processtree/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash and the process tree </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../style/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting with style </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../terminalcodes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Terminal codes (ANSI/VT100) introduction </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_8> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_8 id=__nav_8_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Snipplets </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_8_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Snipplets </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Small code snipplets </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/add_color_to_your_scripts/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Add Color to your scripts </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/awkcsv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Using awk to deal with CSV that uses quoted/unquoted delimiters </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/filesize/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Show size of a file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/kill_bg_job_without_message/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kill a background job without a message </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/largestfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Get largest file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/pause_command/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pausing a script (like MSDOS pause command) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/prargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print argument list for testing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/print_horizontal_line/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print a horizontal line </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/rndstr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print a random string or select random elements </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/screen_saverestore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Save and restore terminal/screen content </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ssh_fetchkeys/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Fetching SSH hostkeys without interaction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ssh_local_var/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Run some bash commands with SSH remotely using local variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/wrapperargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Generate code with own arguments properly quoted </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/xclip/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> X-Clipboard on Commandline </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9 id=__nav_9_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Syntax </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Syntax </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/arith_expr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expressions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/arrays/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arrays </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/basicgrammar/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Basic grammar rules of Bash </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/pattern/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patterns and pattern matching </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/pe/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/quoting/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Quotes and escaping </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/redirection/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Redirection </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/shellvars/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special parameters and shell variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/words/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Words... </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_10> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_10 id=__nav_9_10_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ccmd </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_10_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_10> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Ccmd </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/arithmetic_eval/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic evaluation (command) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/c_for/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The C-style for-loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/case/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The case statement </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/classic_for/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The classic for-loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/conditional_expression/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The conditional expression </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/grouping_plain/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grouping commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/grouping_subshell/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grouping commands in a subshell </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/if_clause/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The if-clause </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/intro/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash compound commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/until_loop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The until loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/user_select/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> User selections </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/while_loop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The while-loop </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_11> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_11 id=__nav_9_11_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansion </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_11_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_11> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Expansion </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/arith/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/brace/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Brace expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/cmdsubst/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Command substitution </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/globs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pathname expansion (globbing) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/intro/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansions and substitutions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/proc_subst/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Process substitution </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/tilde/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tilde expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/wordsplit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Word splitting </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_12> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_12 id=__nav_9_12_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grammar </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_12_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_12> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Grammar </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/grammar/parser_exec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parser exec </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_13> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_13 id=__nav_9_13_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Keywords </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_13_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_13> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Keywords </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/keywords/coproc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The coproc keyword </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tags/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tags </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#portability-rationale class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Portability rationale </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Portability rationale"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#environment-exported-variables class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Environment (exported) variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#arithmetics class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetics </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#echo-command class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> echo command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#parameter-expansions class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter expansions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#special-variables class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special variables </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Special variables"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#pwd class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> PWD </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#random class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> RANDOM </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#seconds class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> SECONDS </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#check-for-a-command-in-path class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Check for a command in PATH </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Check for a command in PATH"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#hash class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hash </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#command class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> command </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <nav class=md-tags> <a href=../../tags/#bash class=md-tag>bash</a> <a href=../../tags/#shell class=md-tag>shell</a> <a href=../../tags/#scripting class=md-tag>scripting</a> <a href=../../tags/#portability class=md-tag>portability</a> <a href=../../tags/#posix class=md-tag>POSIX</a> <a href=../../tags/#portable class=md-tag>portable</a> </nav> <a href=https://github.com/flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki/edit/main/docs/scripting/nonportable.md title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4zm10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1z"/></svg> </a> <a href=https://github.com/flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki/raw/main/docs/scripting/nonportable.md title="View source of this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 18c.56 0 1 .44 1 1s-.44 1-1 1-1-.44-1-1 .44-1 1-1m0-3c-2.73 0-5.06 1.66-6 4 .94 2.34 3.27 4 6 4s5.06-1.66 6-4c-.94-2.34-3.27-4-6-4m0 6.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5M9.27 20H6V4h7v5h5v4.07c.7.08 1.36.25 2 .49V8l-6-6H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4.5a8.2 8.2 0 0 1-1.23-2"/></svg> </a> <h1 id=portability-talk>Portability talk<a class=headerlink href=#portability-talk title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1> <p>The script programming language of BASH is based on the Bourne Shell syntax, with some extensions and derivations.</p> <p>If scripts need to be portable, some of the BASH-specific syntax elements should be avoided. Others should be avoided for all scripts, e.g. if there is a corresponding POSIX®-compatible syntax (see <a href=../obsolete/ >obsolete</a>).</p> <p>Some syntax elements have a BASH-specific, and a portable<sup id=fnref:1><a class=footnote-ref href=#fn:1>1</a></sup>) pendant. In these cases the portable syntax should be preferred.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>construct</th> <th>portable equivalent</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Portability</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>source FILE</code></td> <td><code>. FILE</code></td> <td>include a script file</td> <td>Bourne shell (bash, ksh, POSIX®, zsh, …)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>declare</code> keyword</td> <td><code>typeset</code> keyword</td> <td>define local variables (or variables with special attributes)</td> <td>ksh, zsh, …, <strong>not POSIX!</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>command <<< WORD</code></td> <td><code>command <<MARKER</code>\n<code>WORD</code>\n<code>MARKER</code></td> <td>a here-string, a special form of the here-document, avoid it in portable scripts!</td> <td>POSIX®</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>export VAR=VALUE</code></td> <td><code>VAR=VALUE</code>\n<code>export VAR</code></td> <td>Though POSIX® allows it, some shells don't want the assignment and the exporting in one command</td> <td>POSIX®, zsh, ksh, …</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>(( MATH ))</code></td> <td><code>: $(( MATH ))</code></td> <td>POSIX® does't define an arithmetic compund command, many shells don't know it. Using the pseudo-command <code>:</code> and the arithmetic expansion <code>$(( ))</code> is a kind of workaround here. <strong>Attention:</strong> Not all shell support assignment like <code>$(( a = 1 + 1 ))</code>! Also see below for a probably more portable solution.</td> <td>all POSIX® compatible shells</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[[ EXPRESSION ]]</code></td> <td><code>[ EXPRESSION ]</code>\nor\n<code>test EXPRESSION</code></td> <td>The Bashish test keyword is reserved by POSIX®, but not defined. Use the old fashioned way with the <code>test</code> command. See [[web/20230315170826/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/commands/classictest]]</td> <td>POSIX® and others</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>COMMAND < <( …INPUTCOMMANDS… )</code></td> <td><code>INPUTCOMMANDS > TEMPFILE</code>\n<code>COMMAND < TEMPFILE</code></td> <td>Process substitution (here used with redirection); use the old fashioned way (tempfiles)</td> <td>POSIX® and others</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>((echo X);(echo Y))</code></td> <td><code>( (echo X); (echo Y) )</code></td> <td>Nested subshells (separate the inner <code>()</code> from the outer <code>()</code> by spaces, to not confuse the shell regarding arithmetic control operators)</td> <td>POSIX® and others</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id=portability-rationale>Portability rationale<a class=headerlink href=#portability-rationale title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Here is some assorted portability information. Take it as a small guide to make your scripts a bit more portable. It's not complete (it never will be!) and it's not very detailed (e.g. you won't find information about how which shell technically forks off which subshell). It's just an assorted small set of portability guidelines. <em>-Thebonsai</em></p> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>FIXME</p> <p>UNIX shell gurus out there, please be patient with a newbie like me and give comments and hints instead of flames.</p> </div> <h3 id=environment-exported-variables>Environment (exported) variables<a class=headerlink href=#environment-exported-variables title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>When a new value is assigned to an <strong>existing environment variable</strong>, there are two possibilities:</p> <p>The <em>new value</em> is seen by subsequent programs</p> <ul> <li>without any special action (e.g. Bash)</li> <li>only after an explicit export with <code>export VARIABLE</code> (e.g. Sun's <code>/bin/sh</code>)</li> </ul> <p>Since an extra <code>export</code> doesn't hurt, the safest and most portable way is to always (re-)export a changed variable if you want it to be seen by subsequent processes.</p> <h3 id=arithmetics>Arithmetics<a class=headerlink href=#arithmetics title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>Bash has a special compound command to do arithmetic without expansion. However, POSIX has no such command. In the table at the top, there's the <code>: $((MATH))</code> construct mentioned as possible alternative. Regarding the exit code, a 100% equivalent construct would be:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code># Bash (or others) compound command
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if ((MATH)); then
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...
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# portable equivalent command
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if [ "$((MATH))" -ne 0 ]; then
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...
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</code></pre></div> <p>Quotes around the arithmetic expansion <code>$((MATH))</code> should not be necessary as per POSIX, but Bash and AT&T-KSH perform word-splitting on aritrhmetic expansions, so the most portable is <em>with quotes</em>.</p> <h3 id=echo-command>echo command<a class=headerlink href=#echo-command title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The overall problem with <code>echo</code> is, that there are 2 (maybe more) mainstream flavours around. The only case where you may safely use an <code>echo</code> on all systems is: Echoing non-variable arguments that don't start with a <code>-</code> (dash) and don't contain a <code>\</code> (backslash).</p> <p>Why? (list of known behaviours)</p> <ul> <li>may or may not automatically interpret backslash escpape codes in the strings</li> <li>may or may not automatically interpret switches (like <code>-n</code>)</li> <li>may or may not ignore "end of options" tag (<code>--</code>)</li> <li><code>echo -n</code> and <code>echo -e</code> are neither portable nor standard (<strong>even within the same shell</strong>, depending on the version or environment variables or the build options, especially KSH93 and Bash)</li> </ul> <p>For these, and possibly other, reasons, POSIX (SUS) standardized the existance of <a href=../../commands/builtin/printf/ >the <code>printf</code> command</a>.</p> <h3 id=parameter-expansions>Parameter expansions<a class=headerlink href=#parameter-expansions title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <ul> <li><code>${var:x:x}</code> is KSH93/Bash specific</li> <li><code>${var/../..}</code> and <code>${var//../..}</code> are KSH93/Bash specific</li> <li><code>var=$*</code> and <code>var=$@</code> are not handled the same in all shells if the first char of IFS is not " " (space). <code>var="$*"</code> should work (except the Bourne shell always joins the expansions with space)</li> </ul> <h3 id=special-variables>Special variables<a class=headerlink href=#special-variables title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <h4 id=pwd>PWD<a class=headerlink href=#pwd title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4> <p><a href=../../syntax/shellvars/#PWD>PWD</a> is POSIX but not Bourne. Most shells are <em>not POSIX</em> in that they don't ignore the value of the <code>PWD</code> environment variable. Workaround to fix the value of <code>PWD</code> at the start of your script:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>pwd -P > dev/null
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</code></pre></div> <h4 id=random>RANDOM<a class=headerlink href=#random title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4> <p><a href=../../syntax/shellvars/#RANDOM>RANDOM</a> is Bash/KSH/ZSH specific variable that will give you a random number up to 32767 (2^15-1). Among many other available external options, you can use awk to generate a random number. There are multiple implementations of awk and which version your system uses will depend. Most modern systems will call 'gawk' (i.e. GNU awk) or 'nawk'. 'oawk' (i.e. Original/Old awk) does not have the rand() or srand() functions, so is best avoided.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code># 'gawk' can produce random numbers using srand(). In this example, 10 integers between 1 and 500:
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randpm=$(gawk -v min=1 -v max=500 -v nNum=10 'BEGIN { srand(systime() + PROCINFO["pid"]); for (i = 0; i < nNum; ++i) {print int(min + rand() * (max - min)} }')
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# 'nawk' and 'mawk' does the same, but needs a seed to be provided for its rand() function. In this example we use $(date)
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randpm=$(mawk -v min=1 -v max=500 -v nNum=10 -v seed="$(date +%Y%M%d%H%M%S)" 'BEGIN { srand(seed); for (i = 0; i < nNum; ++i) {print int(min + rand() * (max - min)} }')
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</code></pre></div> <p><em>Yes, I'm not an <code>awk</code> expert, so please correct it, rather than complaining about possible stupid code!</em></p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code># Well, seeing how this //is// BASH-hackers.org I kinda missed the bash way of doing the above ;-)
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# print a number between 0 and 500 :-)
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printf $(( 500 * RANDOM / 32767 ))
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# Or print 30 random numbers between 0 and 10 ;)
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X=0; while (( X++ < 30 )); do echo $(( 10 * RANDOM / 32767 )); done
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</code></pre></div> <h4 id=seconds>SECONDS<a class=headerlink href=#seconds title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4> <p><a href=../../syntax/shellvars/#SECONDS>SECONDS</a> is KSH/ZSH/Bash specific. Avoid it. Find another method.</p> <h3 id=check-for-a-command-in-path>Check for a command in PATH<a class=headerlink href=#check-for-a-command-in-path title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a href=../../syntax/shellvars/#PATH>PATH</a> variable is a colon-delimited list of directory names, so it's basically possible to run a loop and check every <code>PATH</code> component for the command you're looking for and for executability.</p> <p>However, this method doesn't look nice. There are other ways of doing this, using commands that are <em>not directly</em> related to this task.</p> <h4 id=hash>hash<a class=headerlink href=#hash title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4> <p>The <code>hash</code> command is used to make the shell store the full pathname of a command in a lookup-table (to avoid re-scanning the <code>PATH</code> on every command execution attempt). Since it has to do a <code>PATH</code> search, it can be used for this check.</p> <p>For example, to check if the command <code>ls</code> is available in a location accessible by <code>PATH</code>:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>if hash ls >/dev/null 2>&1; then
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echo "ls is available"
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fi
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</code></pre></div> <p>Somewhat of a mass-check:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>for name in ls grep sed awk; do
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if ! hash "$name" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
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echo "FAIL: Missing command '$name'"
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exit 1
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fi
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done
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</code></pre></div> <p>Here (bash 3), <code>hash</code> also respects builtin commands. I don't know if this works everywhere, but it seems logical.</p> <h4 id=command>command<a class=headerlink href=#command title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4> <p>The <code>command</code> command is used to explicitly call an external command, rather than a builtin with the same name. For exactly this reason, it has to do a <code>PATH</code> search, and can be used for this check.</p> <p>For example, to check if the command <code>sed</code> is available in a location accessible by <code>PATH</code>:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>if command -v sed >/dev/null 2>&1; then
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echo "sed is available"
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fi
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</code></pre></div> <div class=footnote> <hr> <ol> <li id=fn:1> <p>"portable" doesn't necessarily mean it's POSIX, it can also mean it's "widely used and accepted", and thus maybe more portable than POSIX(r <a class=footnote-backref href=#fnref:1 title="Jump back to footnote 1 in the text">↩</a></p> </li> </ol> </div> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">November 7, 2024</span> </span> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title=Created> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.47 15.08 11 13V7h1.5v5.25l3.08 1.83c-.41.28-.79.62-1.11 1m-1.39 4.84c-.36.05-.71.08-1.08.08-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8s3.58-8 8-8 8 3.58 8 8c0 .37-.03.72-.08 1.08.69.1 1.33.32 1.92.64.1-.56.16-1.13.16-1.72 0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10S2 6.5 2 12s4.47 10 10 10c.59 0 1.16-.06 1.72-.16-.32-.59-.54-1.23-.64-1.92M18 15v3h-3v2h3v3h2v-3h3v-2h-3v-3z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">November 7, 2024</span> </span> </aside> <h2 id=__comments>Comments</h2> <script src=https://giscus.app/client.js data-repo=flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki data-repo-id=R_kgDOJ3Nr6Q data-category="Giscus Page Comments" data-category-id=DIC_kwDOJ3Nr6c4CXq9t data-mapping=pathname data-strict=1 data-reactions-enabled=1 data-emit-metadata=0 data-input-position=top data-theme=preferred_color_scheme data-lang=en data-loading=lazy crossorigin=anonymous async>
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