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Dict </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../howto/calculate-dc/ class=md-tabs__link> Howto </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../internals/shell_options/ class=md-tabs__link> Internals </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../misc/bashphorisms/ class=md-tabs__link> Misc </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../scripting/bashbehaviour/ class=md-tabs__link> Scripting </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ class=md-tabs__link> Snipplets </a> </li> <li class="md-tabs__item md-tabs__item--active"> <a href=../arith_expr/ class=md-tabs__link> Syntax </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../tags/ class=md-tabs__link> Tags </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <main class=md-main data-md-component=main> <div class="md-main__inner md-grid"> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=navigation> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary 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2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-source__repository> flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki </div> </a> </div> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../.. class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Start </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2 id=__nav_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Commands </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Commands </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/classictest/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The classic test command </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2_2 id=__nav_2_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Builtin </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Builtin </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/caller/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The caller builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/cd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The cd builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/declare/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The declare builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/echo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The echo builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/eval/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The eval builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/exec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The exec builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/exit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The exit builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/export/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The export builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/kill/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The kill builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/let/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The let builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/local/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The local builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/mapfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The mapfile builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/printf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The printf command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/read/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The read builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/readonly/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The readonly builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/return/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The return builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/set/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The set builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/shift/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The shift builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/shopt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The shopt builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/trap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The trap builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/unset/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The unset builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/wait/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The wait builtin command </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_3 id=__nav_3_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dict </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Dict </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/directory/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Directory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/end_of_options/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> End of Options </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/exit_status/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Exit Status </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> File </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/filetimes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> File timestamp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/globbing/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Globbing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/hardlink/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hardlink </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/interpreter_directive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Interpreter Directive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/parameter/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/posix/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> POSIX </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/shell/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/special_file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/symlink/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Symlink </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4 id=__nav_4_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Howto </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Howto </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/calculate-dc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Calculating with dc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/collapsing_functions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Collapsing Functions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/conffile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Config files for your script </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/dissectabadoneliner/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dissect a bad oneliner </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/edit-ed/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Editing files via scripts with ed </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/getopts_tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Small getopts tutorial </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/mutex/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Lock your script (against parallel execution) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/pax/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pax - the POSIX archiver </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/redirection_tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Illustrated Redirection Tutorial </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/testing-your-scripts/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Testing your scripts </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_5> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_5 id=__nav_5_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Internals </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Internals </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../internals/shell_options/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> List of shell options </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_6> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_6 id=__nav_6_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Misc </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_6_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Misc </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/bashphorisms/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The Bashphorisms </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/readthesourceluke/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Readthesourceluke </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/shell_humor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell Humor </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_7> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_7 id=__nav_7_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_7_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_7> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Scripting </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/bashbehaviour/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash's behaviour </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/bashchanges/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash changes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/basics/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The basics of shell scripting </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/debuggingtips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Debugging a script </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/newbie_traps/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Beginner Mistakes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/nonportable/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Portability talk </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/obsolete/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Obsolete and deprecated syntax </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/posparams/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Handling positional parameters </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/processtree/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash and the process tree </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/style/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting with style </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/terminalcodes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Terminal codes (ANSI/VT100) introduction </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_8> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_8 id=__nav_8_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Snipplets </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_8_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Snipplets </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Small code snipplets </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/add_color_to_your_scripts/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Add Color to your scripts </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/awkcsv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Using awk to deal with CSV that uses quoted/unquoted delimiters </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/filesize/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Show size of a file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/kill_bg_job_without_message/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kill a background job without a message </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/largestfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Get largest file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/pause_command/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pausing a script (like MSDOS pause command) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/prargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print argument list for testing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/print_horizontal_line/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print a horizontal line </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/rndstr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print a random string or select random elements </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/screen_saverestore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Save and restore terminal/screen content </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ssh_fetchkeys/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Fetching SSH hostkeys without interaction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ssh_local_var/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Run some bash commands with SSH remotely using local variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/wrapperargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Generate code with own arguments properly quoted </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/xclip/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> X-Clipboard on Commandline </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9 checked> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9 id=__nav_9_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Syntax </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Syntax </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../arith_expr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expressions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../arrays/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arrays </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../basicgrammar/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Basic grammar rules of Bash </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patterns and pattern matching </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patterns and pattern matching </span> </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#normal-pattern-language class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Normal pattern language </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Normal pattern language"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#bracket-expressions class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bracket expressions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#examples class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Examples </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#extended-pattern-language class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Extended pattern language </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Extended pattern language"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#examples_1 class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Examples </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#pattern-matching-configuration class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pattern matching configuration </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Pattern matching configuration"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#related-shell-options class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Related shell options </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#bugs-and-portability-considerations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bugs and Portability considerations </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Bugs and Portability considerations"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#ksh93-extras class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ksh93 extras </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../pe/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../quoting/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Quotes and escaping </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../redirection/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Redirection </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../shellvars/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special parameters and shell variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../words/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Words... </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_10> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_10 id=__nav_9_10_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ccmd </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_10_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_10> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Ccmd </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/arithmetic_eval/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic evaluation (command) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/c_for/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The C-style for-loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/case/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The case statement </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/classic_for/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The classic for-loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/conditional_expression/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The conditional expression </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/grouping_plain/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grouping commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/grouping_subshell/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grouping commands in a subshell </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/if_clause/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The if-clause </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/intro/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash compound commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/until_loop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The until loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/user_select/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> User selections </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/while_loop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The while-loop </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_11> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_11 id=__nav_9_11_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansion </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_11_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_11> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Expansion </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/arith/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/brace/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Brace expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/cmdsubst/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Command substitution </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/globs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pathname expansion (globbing) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/intro/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansions and substitutions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/proc_subst/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Process substitution </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/tilde/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tilde expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/wordsplit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Word splitting </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_12> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_12 id=__nav_9_12_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grammar </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_12_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_12> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Grammar </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../grammar/parser_exec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parser exec </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_13> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_13 id=__nav_9_13_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Keywords </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_13_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_13> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Keywords </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../keywords/coproc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The coproc keyword </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tags/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tags </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#normal-pattern-language class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Normal pattern language </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Normal pattern language"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#bracket-expressions class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bracket expressions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#examples class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Examples </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#extended-pattern-language class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Extended pattern language </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Extended pattern language"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#examples_1 class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Examples </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#pattern-matching-configuration class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pattern matching configuration </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Pattern matching configuration"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#related-shell-options class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Related shell options </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#bugs-and-portability-considerations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bugs and Portability considerations </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Bugs and Portability considerations"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#ksh93-extras class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ksh93 extras </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <nav class=md-tags> <a href=../../tags/#bash class=md-tag>bash</a> <a href=../../tags/#shell class=md-tag>shell</a> <a href=../../tags/#scripting class=md-tag>scripting</a> <a href=../../tags/#glob class=md-tag>glob</a> <a href=../../tags/#globbing class=md-tag>globbing</a> <a href=../../tags/#wildcards class=md-tag>wildcards</a> <a href=../../tags/#filename class=md-tag>filename</a> <a href=../../tags/#pattern class=md-tag>pattern</a> <a href=../../tags/#matching class=md-tag>matching</a> </nav> <a href=https://github.com/flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki/edit/main/docs/syntax/pattern.md title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4zm10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1z"/></svg> </a> <a href=https://github.com/flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki/raw/main/docs/syntax/pattern.md title="View source of this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 18c.56 0 1 .44 1 1s-.44 1-1 1-1-.44-1-1 .44-1 1-1m0-3c-2.73 0-5.06 1.66-6 4 .94 2.34 3.27 4 6 4s5.06-1.66 6-4c-.94-2.34-3.27-4-6-4m0 6.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5M9.27 20H6V4h7v5h5v4.07c.7.08 1.36.25 2 .49V8l-6-6H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4.5a8.2 8.2 0 0 1-1.23-2"/></svg> </a> <h1 id=patterns-and-pattern-matching>Patterns and pattern matching<a class=headerlink href=#patterns-and-pattern-matching title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1> <p>A pattern is a <strong>string description</strong>. Bash uses them in various ways:</p> <ul> <li><a href=../expansion/globs/ >Pathname expansion</a> (Globbing - matching filenames)</li> <li>Pattern matching in <a href=../ccmd/conditional_expression/ >conditional expressions</a></li> <li><a href=../pe/#substring_removal>Substring removal</a> and <a href=../pe/#search_and_replace>search and replace</a> in <a href=../pe/ >Parameter Expansion</a></li> <li>Pattern-based branching using the <a href=../ccmd/case/ >case command</a></li> </ul> <p>The pattern description language is relatively easy. Any character that's not mentioned below matches itself. The <code>NUL</code> character may not occur in a pattern. If special characters are quoted, they're matched literally, i.e., without their special meaning.</p> <p>Do <strong>not</strong> confuse patterns with <strong><em>regular expressions</em></strong>, because they share some symbols and do similar matching work.</p> <h2 id=normal-pattern-language>Normal pattern language<a class=headerlink href=#normal-pattern-language title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Sequence</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>*</code></td> <td>Matches <strong>any string</strong>, including the null string (empty string)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>?</code></td> <td>Matches any <strong>single character</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>X</code></td> <td>Matches the character <code>X</code> which can be any character that has no special meaning</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>\X</code></td> <td>Matches the character <code>X</code>, where the character's special meaning is stripped by the backslash</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>\\</code></td> <td>Matches a backslash</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[...]</code></td> <td>Defines a pattern <strong>bracket expression</strong> (see below). Matches any of the enclosed characters at this position.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=bracket-expressions>Bracket expressions<a class=headerlink href=#bracket-expressions title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The bracket expression <code>[...]</code> mentioned above has some useful applications:</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Bracket expression</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>[XYZ]</code></td> <td>The "normal" bracket expression, matching either <code>X</code>, <code>Y</code> or <code>Z</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[X-Z]</code></td> <td>A range expression: Matching all the characters from <code>X</code> to <code>Y</code> (your current <strong>locale</strong>, defines how the characters are <strong>sorted</strong>!)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[[:class:]]</code></td> <td>Matches all the characters defined by a <a href=https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696899/basedefs/xbd_chap07.html#tag_07_03_01>POSIX® character class</a>: <code>alnum</code>, <code>alpha</code>, <code>ascii</code>, <code>blank</code>, <code>cntrl</code>, <code>digit</code>, <code>graph</code>, <code>lower</code>, <code>print</code>, <code>punct</code>, <code>space</code>, <code>upper</code>, <code>word</code> and <code>xdigit</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[^...]</code></td> <td>A negating expression: It matches all the characters that are <strong>not</strong> in the bracket expression</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[!...]</code></td> <td>Equivalent to <code>[^...]</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[]...]</code> or <code>[-...]</code></td> <td>Used to include the characters <code>]</code> and <code>-</code> into the set, they need to be the first characters after the opening bracket</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[=C=]</code></td> <td>Matches any character that is eqivalent to the collation weight of <code>C</code> (current locale!)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[[.SYMBOL.]]</code></td> <td>Matches the collating symbol <code>SYMBOL</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=examples>Examples<a class=headerlink href=#examples title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>Some simple examples using normal pattern matching:</p> <ul> <li>Pattern <code>"Hello world"</code> matches<ul> <li><code>Hello world</code></li> </ul> </li> <li>Pattern <code>[Hh]"ello world"</code> matches<ul> <li>=> <code>Hello world</code></li> <li>=> <code>hello world</code></li> </ul> </li> <li>Pattern <code>Hello*</code> matches (for example)<ul> <li>=> <code>Hello world</code></li> <li>=> <code>Helloworld</code></li> <li>=> <code>HelloWoRlD</code></li> <li>=> <code>Hello</code></li> </ul> </li> <li>Pattern <code>Hello world[[:punct:]]</code> matches (for example)<ul> <li>=> <code>Hello world!</code></li> <li>=> <code>Hello world.</code></li> <li>=> <code>Hello world+</code></li> <li>=> <code>Hello world?</code></li> </ul> </li> <li>Pattern <code>[[.backslash.]]Hello[[.vertical-line.]]world[[.exclamation-mark.]]</code> matches (using <a href=https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696899/basedefs/xbd_chap07.html#tag_07_03_02_04>collation symbols</a>)<ul> <li>=> <code>\Hello|world!</code></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id=extended-pattern-language>Extended pattern language<a class=headerlink href=#extended-pattern-language title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>If you set the <a href=../../internals/shell_options/ >shell option</a> <code>extglob</code>, Bash understands some powerful patterns. A <code><PATTERN-LIST></code> is one or more patterns, separated by the pipe-symbol (<code>PATTERN|PATTERN</code>).</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Extended pattern</th> <th>Matches</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>?(<PATTERN-LIST>)</code></td> <td>Matches <strong>zero or one</strong> occurrence of the given patterns</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>*(<PATTERN-LIST>)</code></td> <td>Matches <strong>zero or more</strong> occurrences of the given patterns</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>+(<PATTERN-LIST>)</code></td> <td>Matches <strong>one or more</strong> occurrences of the given patterns</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>@(<PATTERN-LIST>)</code></td> <td>Matches <strong>one</strong> of the given patterns</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>!(<PATTERN-LIST>)</code></td> <td>Matches anything <strong>except</strong> one of the given patterns</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=examples_1>Examples<a class=headerlink href=#examples_1 title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><u><strong>Delete all but one specific file</strong></u></p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>rm -f !(survivior.txt)
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</code></pre></div> <h2 id=pattern-matching-configuration>Pattern matching configuration<a class=headerlink href=#pattern-matching-configuration title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <h3 id=related-shell-options>Related shell options<a class=headerlink href=#related-shell-options title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>option</th> <th>classification</th> <th>description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>dotglob</code></td> <td><a href=../expansion/globs/ >globbing</a></td> <td>see <a href=/syntax/expansion/globs.md#Customization>Pathname expansion customization</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>extglob</code></td> <td>global</td> <td>enable/disable extended pattern matching language, as described above</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>failglob</code></td> <td><a href=../expansion/globs/ >globbing</a></td> <td>see <a href=/syntax/expansion/globs.md#Customization>Pathname expansion customization</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>nocaseglob</code></td> <td><a href=../expansion/globs/ >globbing</a></td> <td>see <a href=/syntax/expansion/globs.md#Customization>Pathname expansion customization</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>nocasematch</code></td> <td>pattern/string matching</td> <td>perform pattern matching without regarding the case of individual letters</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>nullglob</code></td> <td><a href=../expansion/globs/ >globbing</a></td> <td>see <a href=/syntax/expansion/globs.md#Customization>Pathname expansion customization</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>globasciiranges</code></td> <td><a href=../expansion/globs/ >globbing</a></td> <td>see <a href=/syntax/expansion/globs.md#Customization>Pathname expansion customization</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id=bugs-and-portability-considerations>Bugs and Portability considerations<a class=headerlink href=#bugs-and-portability-considerations title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>* Counter-intuitively, only the <code>[!chars]</code> syntax for negating a character class is specified by POSIX for shell pattern matching. <code>[^chars]</code> is merely a commonly-supported extension. Even dash supports <code>[^chars]</code>, but not posh.</p> <p>* All of the extglob quantifiers supported by bash were supported by ksh88. The set of extglob quantifiers supported by ksh88 are identical to those supported by Bash, mksh, ksh93, and zsh.</p> <p>* mksh does not support POSIX character classes. Therefore, character ranges like <code>[0-9]</code> are somewhat more portable than an equivalent POSIX class like <code>[:digit:]</code>.</p> <p>* Bash uses a custom runtime interpreter for pattern matching. (at least) ksh93 and zsh translate patterns into regexes and then use a regex compiler to emit and cache optimized pattern matching code. This means Bash may be an order of magnitude or more slower in cases that involve complex back-tracking (usually that means extglob quantifier nesting). You may wish to use Bash's regex support (the <code>=~</code> operator) if performance is a problem, because Bash will use your C library regex implementation rather than its own pattern matcher.</p> <p>TODO: describe the pattern escape bug <a href=https://gist.github.com/ormaaj/6195070>https://gist.github.com/ormaaj/6195070</a></p> <h3 id=ksh93-extras>ksh93 extras<a class=headerlink href=#ksh93-extras title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>ksh93 supports some very powerful pattern matching features in addition to those described above.</p> <p>* ksh93 supports arbitrary quantifiers just like ERE using the <code>{from,to}(pattern-list)</code> syntax. <code>{2,4}(foo)bar</code> matches between 2-4 "foo"'s followed by "bar". <code>{2,}(foo)bar</code> matches 2 or more "foo"'s followed by "bar". You can probably figure out the rest. So far, none of the other shells support this syntax.</p> <p>* In ksh93, a <code>pattern-list</code> may be delimited by either <code>&</code> or <code>|</code>. <code>&</code> means "all patterns must be matched" instead of "any pattern". For example, <code>[[ fo0bar == @(fo[0-9]&+([[:alnum:]]))bar ]]</code> would be true while <code>[[ f00bar == @(fo[0-9]&+([[:alnum:]]))bar ]]</code> is false, because all members of the and-list must be satisfied. No other shell supports this so far, but you can simulate some cases in other shells using double extglob negation. The aforementioned ksh93 pattern is equivalent in Bash to: <code>[[ fo0bar == !(!(fo[0-9])|!(+([[:alnum:]])))bar ]]</code>, which is technically more portable, but ugly.</p> <p>* ksh93's <a href=../../commands/builtin/printf/ >printf</a> builtin can translate from shell patterns to ERE and back again using the <code>%R</code> and <code>%P</code> format specifiers respectively.</p> <p>TODO: <code>~()</code> (and regex), <code>.sh.match</code>, backrefs, special <code>${var/.../...}</code> behavior, <code>%()</code></p> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">November 13, 2024</span> </span> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title=Created> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.47 15.08 11 13V7h1.5v5.25l3.08 1.83c-.41.28-.79.62-1.11 1m-1.39 4.84c-.36.05-.71.08-1.08.08-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8s3.58-8 8-8 8 3.58 8 8c0 .37-.03.72-.08 1.08.69.1 1.33.32 1.92.64.1-.56.16-1.13.16-1.72 0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10S2 6.5 2 12s4.47 10 10 10c.59 0 1.16-.06 1.72-.16-.32-.59-.54-1.23-.64-1.92M18 15v3h-3v2h3v3h2v-3h3v-2h-3v-3z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">November 13, 2024</span> </span> </aside> <h2 id=__comments>Comments</h2> <script src=https://giscus.app/client.js data-repo=flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki data-repo-id=R_kgDOJ3Nr6Q data-category="Giscus Page Comments" data-category-id=DIC_kwDOJ3Nr6c4CXq9t data-mapping=pathname data-strict=1 data-reactions-enabled=1 data-emit-metadata=0 data-input-position=top data-theme=preferred_color_scheme data-lang=en data-loading=lazy crossorigin=anonymous async>
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