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HTML
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Dict </a> </li> <li class="md-tabs__item md-tabs__item--active"> <a href=../calculate-dc/ class=md-tabs__link> Howto </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../internals/shell_options/ class=md-tabs__link> Internals </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../misc/bashphorisms/ class=md-tabs__link> Misc </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../scripting/bashbehaviour/ class=md-tabs__link> Scripting </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ class=md-tabs__link> Snipplets </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../syntax/arith_expr/ class=md-tabs__link> Syntax </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=../../tags/ class=md-tabs__link> Tags </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <main class=md-main data-md-component=main> <div class="md-main__inner md-grid"> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=navigation> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav 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397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-source__repository> flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki </div> </a> </div> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../.. class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Start </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2 id=__nav_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Commands </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Commands </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/classictest/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The classic test command </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2_2 id=__nav_2_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Builtin </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Builtin </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/caller/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The caller builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/cd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The cd builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/declare/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The declare builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/echo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The echo builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/eval/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The eval builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/exec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The exec builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/exit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The exit builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/export/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The export builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/kill/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The kill builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/let/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The let builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/local/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The local builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/mapfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The mapfile builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/printf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The printf command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/read/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The read builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/readonly/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The readonly builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/return/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The return builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/set/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The set builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/shift/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The shift builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/shopt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The shopt builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/trap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The trap builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/unset/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The unset builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/wait/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The wait builtin command </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_3 id=__nav_3_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dict </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Dict </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/directory/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Directory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/end_of_options/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> End of Options </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/exit_status/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Exit Status </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> File </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/filetimes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> File timestamp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/globbing/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Globbing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/hardlink/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hardlink </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/interpreter_directive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Interpreter Directive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/parameter/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/posix/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> POSIX </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/shell/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/special_file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/symlink/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Symlink </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4 checked> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4 id=__nav_4_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Howto </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Howto </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../calculate-dc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Calculating with dc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../collapsing_functions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Collapsing Functions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../conffile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Config files for your script </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../dissectabadoneliner/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dissect a bad oneliner </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../edit-ed/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Editing files via scripts with ed </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../getopts_tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Small getopts tutorial </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../mutex/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Lock your script (against parallel execution) </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> <span class=md-ellipsis> pax - the POSIX archiver </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> <span class=md-ellipsis> pax - the POSIX archiver </span> </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#introduction class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Introduction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#overview class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Overview </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Overview> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#operation-modes class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Operation modes </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Operation modes"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#list class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> List </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#read class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Read </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#write class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Write </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#copy class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Copy </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#archive-data class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Archive data </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#matching-archive-members class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Matching archive members </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Matching archive members"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#some-assorted-examples-of-patterns class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Some assorted examples of patterns </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#using-pax class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Using pax </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Using pax"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#creating-an-archive class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Creating an archive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#listing-archive-contents class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Listing archive contents </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#extracting-from-an-archive class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Extracting from an archive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#copying-files class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Copying files </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#copying-files-via-ssh class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Copying files via ssh </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#advanced-usage class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Advanced usage </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Advanced usage"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#backup-your-daily-work class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Backup your daily work </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#changing-filenames-while-archiving class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Changing filenames while archiving </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#excluding-files-from-an-archive class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Excluding files from an archive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#getting-archive-filenames-from-stdin class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Getting archive filenames from STDIN </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#from-tar-to-pax class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> From tar to pax </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#implementations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Implementations </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../redirection_tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Illustrated Redirection Tutorial </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../testing-your-scripts/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Testing your scripts </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_5> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_5 id=__nav_5_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Internals </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Internals </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../internals/shell_options/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> List of shell options </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_6> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_6 id=__nav_6_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Misc </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_6_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Misc </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/bashphorisms/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The Bashphorisms </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/readthesourceluke/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Readthesourceluke </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/shell_humor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell Humor </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_7> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_7 id=__nav_7_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_7_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_7> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Scripting </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/bashbehaviour/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash's behaviour </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/bashchanges/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash changes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/basics/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The basics of shell scripting </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/debuggingtips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Debugging a script </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/newbie_traps/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Beginner Mistakes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/nonportable/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Portability talk </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/obsolete/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Obsolete and deprecated syntax </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/posparams/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Handling positional parameters </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/processtree/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash and the process tree </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/style/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting with style </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/terminalcodes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Terminal codes (ANSI/VT100) introduction </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_8> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_8 id=__nav_8_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Snipplets </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_8_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Snipplets </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Small code snipplets </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/add_color_to_your_scripts/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Add Color to your scripts </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/awkcsv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Using awk to deal with CSV that uses quoted/unquoted delimiters </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/filesize/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Show size of a file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/kill_bg_job_without_message/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kill a background job without a message </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/largestfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Get largest file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/pause_command/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pausing a script (like MSDOS pause command) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/prargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print argument list for testing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/print_horizontal_line/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print a horizontal line </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/rndstr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print a random string or select random elements </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/screen_saverestore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Save and restore terminal/screen content </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ssh_fetchkeys/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Fetching SSH hostkeys without interaction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ssh_local_var/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Run some bash commands with SSH remotely using local variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/wrapperargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Generate code with own arguments properly quoted </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/xclip/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> X-Clipboard on Commandline </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9 id=__nav_9_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Syntax </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Syntax </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/arith_expr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expressions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/arrays/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arrays </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/basicgrammar/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Basic grammar rules of Bash </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/pattern/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patterns and pattern matching </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/pe/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/quoting/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Quotes and escaping </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/redirection/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Redirection </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/shellvars/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special parameters and shell variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/words/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Words... </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_10> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_10 id=__nav_9_10_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ccmd </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_10_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_10> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Ccmd </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/arithmetic_eval/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic evaluation (command) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/c_for/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The C-style for-loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/case/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The case statement </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/classic_for/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The classic for-loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/conditional_expression/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The conditional expression </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/grouping_plain/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grouping commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/grouping_subshell/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grouping commands in a subshell </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/if_clause/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The if-clause </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/intro/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash compound commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/until_loop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The until loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/user_select/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> User selections </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/ccmd/while_loop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The while-loop </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_11> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_11 id=__nav_9_11_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansion </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_11_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_11> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Expansion </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/arith/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/brace/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Brace expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/cmdsubst/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Command substitution </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/globs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pathname expansion (globbing) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/intro/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansions and substitutions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/proc_subst/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Process substitution </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/tilde/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tilde expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/expansion/wordsplit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Word splitting </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_12> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_12 id=__nav_9_12_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grammar </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_12_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_12> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Grammar </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/grammar/parser_exec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parser exec </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_13> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_13 id=__nav_9_13_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Keywords </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_13_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_13> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Keywords </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../syntax/keywords/coproc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The coproc keyword </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tags/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tags </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#introduction class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Introduction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#overview class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Overview </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Overview> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#operation-modes class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Operation modes </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Operation modes"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#list class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> List </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#read class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Read </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#write class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Write </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#copy class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Copy </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#archive-data class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Archive data </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#matching-archive-members class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Matching archive members </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Matching archive members"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#some-assorted-examples-of-patterns class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Some assorted examples of patterns </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#using-pax class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Using pax </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Using pax"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#creating-an-archive class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Creating an archive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#listing-archive-contents class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Listing archive contents </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#extracting-from-an-archive class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Extracting from an archive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#copying-files class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Copying files </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#copying-files-via-ssh class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Copying files via ssh </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#advanced-usage class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Advanced usage </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Advanced usage"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#backup-your-daily-work class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Backup your daily work </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#changing-filenames-while-archiving class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Changing filenames while archiving </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#excluding-files-from-an-archive class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Excluding files from an archive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#getting-archive-filenames-from-stdin class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Getting archive filenames from STDIN </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#from-tar-to-pax class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> From tar to pax </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#implementations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Implementations </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <nav class=md-tags> <a href=../../tags/#bash class=md-tag>bash</a> <a href=../../tags/#shell class=md-tag>shell</a> <a href=../../tags/#scripting class=md-tag>scripting</a> <a href=../../tags/#posix class=md-tag>POSIX</a> <a href=../../tags/#archive class=md-tag>archive</a> <a href=../../tags/#tar class=md-tag>tar</a> <a href=../../tags/#packing class=md-tag>packing</a> <a href=../../tags/#zip class=md-tag>zip</a> </nav> <a href=https://github.com/flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki/edit/main/docs/howto/pax.md title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4zm10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1z"/></svg> </a> <a href=https://github.com/flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki/raw/main/docs/howto/pax.md title="View source of this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 18c.56 0 1 .44 1 1s-.44 1-1 1-1-.44-1-1 .44-1 1-1m0-3c-2.73 0-5.06 1.66-6 4 .94 2.34 3.27 4 6 4s5.06-1.66 6-4c-.94-2.34-3.27-4-6-4m0 6.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5M9.27 20H6V4h7v5h5v4.07c.7.08 1.36.25 2 .49V8l-6-6H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4.5a8.2 8.2 0 0 1-1.23-2"/></svg> </a> <h1 id=pax-the-posix-archiver>pax - the POSIX archiver<a class=headerlink href=#pax-the-posix-archiver title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1> <p>pax can do a lot of fancy stuff, feel free to contribute more awesome pax tricks!</p> <h2 id=introduction>Introduction<a class=headerlink href=#introduction title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>The POSIX archiver, <code>pax</code>, is an attempt at a standardized archiver with the best features of <code>tar</code> and <code>cpio</code>, able to handle all common archive types.</p> <p>However, this is <strong>not a manpage</strong>, it will <strong>not</strong> list all possible options, it will <strong>not</strong> you detailed information about <code>pax</code>. It's only an introduction.</p> <p>This article is based on the debianized Berkeley implementation of <code>pax</code>, but implementation-specific things should be tagged as such. Unfortunately, the Debian package doesn't seem to be maintained anymore.</p> <h2 id=overview>Overview<a class=headerlink href=#overview title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <h3 id=operation-modes>Operation modes<a class=headerlink href=#operation-modes title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>There are four basic operation modes to <em>list</em>, <em>read</em>, <em>write</em> and <em>copy</em> archives. They're switched with combinations of <code>-r</code> and <code>-w</code> command line options:</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Mode</th> <th>RW-Options</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>List</td> <td><em>no RW-options</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Read</td> <td><code>-r</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Write</td> <td><code>-w</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Copy</td> <td><code>-r -w</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id=list>List<a class=headerlink href=#list title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4> <p>In <em>list mode</em>, <code>pax</code> writes the list of archive members to standard output (a table of contents). If a pattern match is specified on the command line, only matching filenames are printed.</p> <h4 id=read>Read<a class=headerlink href=#read title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4> <p><em>Read</em> an archive. <code>pax</code> will read archive data and extract the members to the current directory. If a pattern match is specified on the command line, only matching filenames are extracted.</p> <p>When reading an archive, the archive type is determined from the archive data.</p> <h4 id=write>Write<a class=headerlink href=#write title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4> <p><em>Write</em> an archive, which means create a new one or append to an existing one. All files and directories specified on the command line are inserted into the archive. The archive is written to standard output by default.</p> <p>If no files are specified on the command line, filenames are read from <code>STDIN</code>.</p> <p>The write mode is the only mode where you need to specify the archive type with <code>-x <TYPE></code>, e.g. <code>-x ustar</code>.</p> <h4 id=copy>Copy<a class=headerlink href=#copy title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4> <p><em>Copy</em> mode is similar to <code>cpio</code> passthrough mode. It provides a way to replicate a complete or partial file hierarchy (with all the <code>pax</code> options, e.g. rewriting groups) to another location.</p> <h3 id=archive-data>Archive data<a class=headerlink href=#archive-data title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>When you don't specify anything special, <code>pax</code> will attempt to read archive data from standard input (read/list modes) and write archive data to standard output (write mode). This ensures <code>pax</code> can be easily used as part of a shell pipe construct, e.g. to read a compressed archive that's decompressed in the pipe.</p> <p>The option to specify the pathname of a file to be archived is <code>-f</code> This file will be used as input or output, depending on the operation (read/write/list).</p> <p>When pax reads an archive, it tries to guess the archive type. However, in <em>write</em> mode, you must specify which type of archive to append using the <code>-x <TYPE></code> switch. If you omit this switch, a default archive will be created (POSIX says it's implementation defined, Berkeley <code>pax</code> creates <code>ustar</code> if no options are specified).</p> <p>The following archive formats are supported (Berkeley implementation):</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th></th> <th></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>ustar</td> <td>POSIX TAR format (default)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cpio</td> <td>POSIX CPIO format</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tar</td> <td>classic BSD TAR format</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bcpio</td> <td>old binary CPIO format</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sv4cpio</td> <td>SVR4 CPIO format</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sv4crc</td> <td>SVR4 CPIO format with CRC</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Berkeley <code>pax</code> supports options <code>-z</code> and <code>-j</code>, similar to GNU <code>tar</code>, to filter archive files through GZIP/BZIP2.</p> <h3 id=matching-archive-members>Matching archive members<a class=headerlink href=#matching-archive-members title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>In <em>read</em> and <em>list</em> modes, you can specify patterns to determine which files to list or extract.</p> <ul> <li>the pattern notation is the one known by a POSIX-shell, i.e. the one known by Bash without <code>extglob</code></li> <li>if the specified pattern matches a complete directory, it affects all files and subdirectories of the specified directory</li> <li>if you specify the <code>-c</code> option, <code>pax</code> will invert the matches, i.e. it matches all filenames <strong>except</strong> those matching the specified patterns</li> <li>if no patterns are given, <code>pax</code> will "match" (list or extract) all files from the archive</li> <li><strong>To avoid conflicts with shell pathname expansion, it's wise to quote patterns!</strong></li> </ul> <h4 id=some-assorted-examples-of-patterns>Some assorted examples of patterns<a class=headerlink href=#some-assorted-examples-of-patterns title="Permanent link">¶</a></h4> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>pax -r <myarchive.tar 'data/sales/*.txt' 'data/products/*.png'
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pax -r <myarchive.tar 'data/sales/year_200[135].txt'
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# should be equivalent to
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pax -r <myarchive.tar 'data/sales/year_2001.txt' 'data/sales/year_2003.txt' 'data/sales/year_2005.txt'
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</code></pre></div> <h2 id=using-pax>Using pax<a class=headerlink href=#using-pax title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>This is a brief description of using <code>pax</code> as a normal archiver system, like you would use <code>tar</code>.</p> <h3 id=creating-an-archive>Creating an archive<a class=headerlink href=#creating-an-archive title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>This task is done with basic syntax</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code># archive contents to stdout
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pax -w >archive.tar README.txt *.png data/
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# equivalent, extract archive contents directly to a file
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pax -w -x ustar -f archive.tar README.txt *.png data/
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</code></pre></div> <p><code>pax</code> is in <em>write</em> mode, the given filenames are packed into an archive:</p> <ul> <li><code>README.txt</code> is a normal file, it will be packed</li> <li><code>*.png</code> is a pathname glob <strong>for your shell</strong>, the shell will substitute all matching filenames <strong>before</strong> <code>pax</code> is executed. The result is a list of filenames that will be packed like the <code>README.txt</code> example above</li> <li><code>data/</code> is a directory. <strong>Everything</strong> in this directory will be packed into the archive, i.e. not just an empty directory</li> </ul> <p>When you specify the <code>-v</code> option, <code>pax</code> will write the pathnames of the files inserted into the archive to <code>STDERR</code>.</p> <p>When, and only when, no filename arguments are specified, <code>pax</code> attempts to read filenames from <code>STDIN</code>, separated by newlines. This way you can easily combine <code>find</code> with <code>pax</code>:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>find . -name '*.txt' | pax -wf textfiles.tar -x ustar
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</code></pre></div> <h3 id=listing-archive-contents>Listing archive contents<a class=headerlink href=#listing-archive-contents title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The standard output format to list archive members simply is to print each filename to a separate line. But the output format can be customized to include permissions, timestamps, etc. with the <code>-o listopt=<FORMAT></code> specification. The syntax of the format specification is strongly derived from the <code>printf(3)</code> format specification.</p> <p><strong>Unfortunately</strong> the <code>pax</code> utility delivered with Debian doesn't seem to support these extended listing formats.</p> <p>However, <code>pax</code> lists archive members in a <code>ls -l</code>-like format, when you give the <code>-v</code> option:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>pax -v <myarchive.tar
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# or, of course
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pax -vf myarchive.tar
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</code></pre></div> <h3 id=extracting-from-an-archive>Extracting from an archive<a class=headerlink href=#extracting-from-an-archive title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>You can extract all files, or files (not) matching specific patterns from an archive using constructs like:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code># "normal" extraction
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pax -rf myarchive.tar '*.txt'
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# with inverted pattern
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pax -rf myarchive.tar -c '*.txt'
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</code></pre></div> <h3 id=copying-files>Copying files<a class=headerlink href=#copying-files title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>To copy directory contents to another directory, similar to a <code>cp -a</code> command, use:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>mkdir destdir
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pax -rw dir destdir #creates a copy of dir in destdir/, i.e. destdir/dir
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</code></pre></div> <h3 id=copying-files-via-ssh>Copying files via ssh<a class=headerlink href=#copying-files-via-ssh title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>To copy directory contents to another directory on a remote system, use:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>pax -w localdir | ssh user@host "cd distantdest && pax -r -v"
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pax -w localdir | gzip | ssh user@host "cd distantdir && gunzip | pax -r -v" #compress the sent data
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</code></pre></div> <p>These commands create a copy of localdir in distandir (distantdir/dir) on the remote machine.</p> <h2 id=advanced-usage>Advanced usage<a class=headerlink href=#advanced-usage title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <h3 id=backup-your-daily-work>Backup your daily work<a class=headerlink href=#backup-your-daily-work title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><u><strong>Note:</strong></u> <code>-T</code> is an extension and is not defined by POSIX.</p> <p>Say you have write-access to a fileserver mounted on your filesystem tree. In <em>copy</em> mode, you can tell <code>pax</code> to copy only files that were modified today:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>mkdir /n/mybackups/$(date +%A)/
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pax -rw -T 0000 data/ /n/mybackups/$(date +%A)/
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</code></pre></div> <p>This is done using the <code>-T</code> switch, which normally allows you to specify a time window, but in this case, only the start time which means "today at midnight".</p> <p>When you execute this "very simple backup" after your daily work, you will have a copy of the modified files.</p> <p><u><strong>Note:</strong></u> The <code>%A</code> format from <code>date</code> expands to the name of the current day, localized, e.g. "Friday" (en) or "Mittwoch" (de).</p> <p>The same, but with an archive, can be accomplished by:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>pax -w -T 0000 -f /n/mybackups/$(date +%A)
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</code></pre></div> <p>In this case, the day-name is an archive-file (you don't need a filename extension like <code>.tar</code> but you can add one, if desired).</p> <h3 id=changing-filenames-while-archiving>Changing filenames while archiving<a class=headerlink href=#changing-filenames-while-archiving title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p><code>pax</code> is able to rewrite filenames while archiving or while extracting from an archive. This example creates a tar archive containing the <code>holiday_2007/</code> directory, but the directory name inside the archive will be <code>holiday_pics/</code>:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>pax -x ustar -w -f holiday_pictures.tar -s '/^holiday_2007/holiday_pics/' holiday_2007/
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</code></pre></div> <p>The option responsible for the string manipulation is the <code>-s <REWRITE-SPECIFICATION></code>. It takes the string rewrite specification as an argument, in the form <code>/OLD/NEW/[gp]</code>, which is an <code>ed(1)</code>-like regular expression (BRE) for <code>old</code> and generally can be used like the popular sed construct <code>s/from/to/</code>. Any non-null character can be used as a delimiter, so to mangle pathnames (containing slashes), you could use <code>#/old/path#/new/path#</code>.</p> <p>The optional <code>g</code> and <code>p</code> flags are used to apply substitution <strong>(g)</strong>lobally to the line or to <strong>(p)</strong>rint the original and rewritten strings to <code>STDERR</code>.</p> <p>Multiple <code>-s</code> options can be specified on the command line. They are applied to the pathname strings of the files or archive members. This happens in the order they are specified.</p> <h3 id=excluding-files-from-an-archive>Excluding files from an archive<a class=headerlink href=#excluding-files-from-an-archive title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>The -s command seen above can be used to exclude a file. The substitution must result in a null string: For example, let's say that you want to exclude all the CVS directories to create a source code archive. We are going to replace the names containing /CVS/ with nothing, note the <code>.*</code> they are needed because we need to match the entire pathname.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code> pax -w -x ustar -f release.tar -s',.*/CVS/.*,,' myapplication
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</code></pre></div> <p>You can use several -s options, for instance, let's say you also want to remove files ending in <code>~</code>:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code> pax -w -x ustar -f release.tar -'s,.*/CVS/.*,,' -'s/.*~//' myapplication
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</code></pre></div> <p>This can also be done while reading an archive, for instance, suppose you have an archive containing a "usr" and a "etc" directory but that you want to extract only the "usr" directory:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>pax -r -f archive.tar -s',^etc/.*,,' #the etc/ dir is not extracted
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</code></pre></div> <h3 id=getting-archive-filenames-from-stdin>Getting archive filenames from STDIN<a class=headerlink href=#getting-archive-filenames-from-stdin title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <p>Like <code>cpio</code>, pax can read filenames from standard input (<code>stdin</code>). This provides great flexibility - for example, a <code>find(1)</code> command may select files/directories in ways pax can't do itself. In <strong>write</strong> mode (creating an archive) or <strong>copy</strong> mode, when no filenames are given, pax expects to read filenames from standard input. For example:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code># Back up config files changed less than 3 days ago
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find /etc -type f -mtime -3 | pax -x ustar -w -f /backups/etc.tar
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# Copy only the directories, not the files
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mkdir /target
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find . -type d -print | pax -r -w -d /target
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# Back up anything that changed since the last backup
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find . -newer /var/run/mylastbackup -print0 |
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pax -0 -x ustar -w -d -f /backups/mybackup.tar
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touch /var/run/mylastbackup
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</code></pre></div> <p>The <code>-d</code> option tells pax <code>not</code> to recurse into directories it reads (<code>cpio</code>-style). Without <code>-d</code>, pax recurses into all directories (<code>tar</code>-style).</p> <p><strong>Note</strong>: the <code>-0</code> option is not standard, but is present in some implementations.</p> <h2 id=from-tar-to-pax>From tar to pax<a class=headerlink href=#from-tar-to-pax title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p><code>pax</code> can handle the <code>tar</code> archive format, if you want to switch to the standard tool an alias like:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>alias tar='echo USE PAX, idiot. pax is the standard archiver!; # '
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</code></pre></div> <p>in your <code>~/.bashrc</code> can be useful :-D.</p> <p>Here is a quick table comparing (GNU) <code>tar</code> and <code>pax</code> to help you to make the switch:</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>TAR</th> <th>PAX</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>tar xzvf file.tar.gz</code></td> <td><code>pax -rvz -f file.tar.gz</code></td> <td><code>-z</code> is an extension, POSIXly: <code>gunzip <file.tar.gz | pax -rv</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>tar czvf archive.tar.gz path ...</code></td> <td><code>pax -wvz -f archive.tar.gz path ...</code></td> <td><code>-z</code> is an extension, POSIXly: <code>pax -wv path | gzip > archive.tar.gz</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>tar xjvf file.tar.bz2</code></td> <td><code>bunzip2 <file.tar.bz2 | pax -rv</code></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>tar cjvf archive.tar.bz2 path ...</code></td> <td><code>pax -wv path | bzip2 > archive.tar.bz2</code></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>tar tzvf file.tar.gz</code></td> <td><code>pax -vz -f file.tar.gz</code></td> <td><code>-z</code> is an extension, POSIXly: <code>gunzip <file.tar.gz | pax -v</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><code>pax</code> might not create ustar (<code>tar</code>) archives by default but its own pax format, add <code>-x ustar</code> if you want to ensure pax creates tar archives!</p> <h2 id=implementations>Implementations<a class=headerlink href=#implementations title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/ >AT&T AST toolkit</a> | <a href=http://www2.research.att.com/~gsf/man/man1/pax.html>manpage</a></li> <li><a href=http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/index.html>Heirloom toolchest</a> | <a href=http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/man/pax.1.html>manpage</a></li> <li><a href=http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/bin/pax/ >OpenBSD pax</a> | <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=pax&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=OpenBSD+Current&arch=i386&format=html">manpage</a></li> <li><a href=https://launchpad.net/paxmirabilis>MirBSD pax</a> | <a href=https://www.mirbsd.org/htman/i386/man1/pax.htm>manpage</a> - Debian bases their package upon this.</li> <li><a href=http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/pax.html>SUS pax specification</a></li> </ul> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">November 13, 2024</span> </span> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title=Created> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.47 15.08 11 13V7h1.5v5.25l3.08 1.83c-.41.28-.79.62-1.11 1m-1.39 4.84c-.36.05-.71.08-1.08.08-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8s3.58-8 8-8 8 3.58 8 8c0 .37-.03.72-.08 1.08.69.1 1.33.32 1.92.64.1-.56.16-1.13.16-1.72 0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10S2 6.5 2 12s4.47 10 10 10c.59 0 1.16-.06 1.72-.16-.32-.59-.54-1.23-.64-1.92M18 15v3h-3v2h3v3h2v-3h3v-2h-3v-3z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">November 13, 2024</span> </span> </aside> <h2 id=__comments>Comments</h2> <script src=https://giscus.app/client.js data-repo=flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki data-repo-id=R_kgDOJ3Nr6Q data-category="Giscus Page Comments" data-category-id=DIC_kwDOJ3Nr6c4CXq9t data-mapping=pathname data-strict=1 data-reactions-enabled=1 data-emit-metadata=0 data-input-position=top data-theme=preferred_color_scheme data-lang=en data-loading=lazy crossorigin=anonymous async>
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