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2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-source__repository> flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki </div> </a> </div> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../.. class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Start </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2 id=__nav_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Commands </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Commands </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/classictest/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The classic test command </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2_2 id=__nav_2_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Builtin </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Builtin </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/caller/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The caller builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/cd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The cd builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/declare/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The declare builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/echo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The echo builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/eval/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The eval builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/exec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The exec builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/exit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The exit builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/export/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The export builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/kill/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The kill builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/let/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The let builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/local/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The local builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/mapfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The mapfile builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/printf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The printf command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/read/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The read builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/readonly/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The readonly builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/return/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The return builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/set/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The set builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/shift/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The shift builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/shopt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The shopt builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/trap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The trap builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/unset/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The unset builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/builtin/wait/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The wait builtin command </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_3 id=__nav_3_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dict </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Dict </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/directory/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Directory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/end_of_options/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> End of Options </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/exit_status/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Exit Status </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> File </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/filetimes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> File timestamp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/globbing/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Globbing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/hardlink/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hardlink </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/interpreter_directive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Interpreter Directive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/parameter/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/posix/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> POSIX </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/shell/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/special_file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../dict/symlink/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Symlink </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4 id=__nav_4_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Howto </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Howto </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/calculate-dc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Calculating with dc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/collapsing_functions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Collapsing Functions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/conffile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Config files for your script </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/dissectabadoneliner/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dissect a bad oneliner </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/edit-ed/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Editing files via scripts with ed </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/getopts_tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Small getopts tutorial </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/mutex/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Lock your script (against parallel execution) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/pax/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pax - the POSIX archiver </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/redirection_tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Illustrated Redirection Tutorial </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../howto/testing-your-scripts/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Testing your scripts </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_5> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_5 id=__nav_5_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Internals </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Internals </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../internals/shell_options/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> List of shell options </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_6> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_6 id=__nav_6_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Misc </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_6_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Misc </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/bashphorisms/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The Bashphorisms </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/readthesourceluke/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Readthesourceluke </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../misc/shell_humor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell Humor </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_7> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_7 id=__nav_7_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_7_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_7> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Scripting </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/bashbehaviour/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash's behaviour </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/bashchanges/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash changes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/basics/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The basics of shell scripting </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/debuggingtips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Debugging a script </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/newbie_traps/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Beginner Mistakes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/nonportable/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Portability talk </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/obsolete/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Obsolete and deprecated syntax </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/posparams/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Handling positional parameters </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/processtree/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash and the process tree </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/style/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting with style </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../scripting/terminalcodes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Terminal codes (ANSI/VT100) introduction </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_8> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_8 id=__nav_8_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Snipplets </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_8_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Snipplets </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Small code snipplets </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/add_color_to_your_scripts/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Add Color to your scripts </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/awkcsv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Using awk to deal with CSV that uses quoted/unquoted delimiters </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/filesize/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Show size of a file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/kill_bg_job_without_message/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kill a background job without a message </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/largestfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Get largest file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/pause_command/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pausing a script (like MSDOS pause command) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/prargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print argument list for testing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/print_horizontal_line/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print a horizontal line </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/rndstr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print a random string or select random elements </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/screen_saverestore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Save and restore terminal/screen content </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ssh_fetchkeys/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Fetching SSH hostkeys without interaction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/ssh_local_var/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Run some bash commands with SSH remotely using local variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/wrapperargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Generate code with own arguments properly quoted </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../snipplets/xclip/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> X-Clipboard on Commandline </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9 checked> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9 id=__nav_9_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Syntax </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Syntax </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expressions </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expressions </span> </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#constants class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Constants </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#different-bases class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Different bases </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#shell-variables class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#truth class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Truth </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#operators class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Operators </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Operators> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#assignment class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Assignment </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#calculations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Calculations </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#comparisons class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Comparisons </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#bit-operations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bit operations </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#logical class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Logical </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#misc class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Misc </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#precedence class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Precedence </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#arithmetic-expressions-and-return-codes class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expressions and return codes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#arithmetic-expressions-in-bash class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expressions in Bash </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../arrays/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arrays </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../basicgrammar/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Basic grammar rules of Bash </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../pattern/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patterns and pattern matching </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../pe/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../quoting/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Quotes and escaping </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../redirection/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Redirection </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../shellvars/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special parameters and shell variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../words/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Words... </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_10> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_10 id=__nav_9_10_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ccmd </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_10_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_10> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Ccmd </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/arithmetic_eval/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic evaluation (command) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/c_for/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The C-style for-loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/case/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The case statement </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/classic_for/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The classic for-loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/conditional_expression/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The conditional expression </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/grouping_plain/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grouping commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/grouping_subshell/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grouping commands in a subshell </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/if_clause/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The if-clause </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/intro/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash compound commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/until_loop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The until loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/user_select/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> User selections </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../ccmd/while_loop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The while-loop </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_11> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_11 id=__nav_9_11_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansion </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_11_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_11> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Expansion </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/arith/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/brace/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Brace expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/cmdsubst/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Command substitution </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/globs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pathname expansion (globbing) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/intro/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansions and substitutions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/proc_subst/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Process substitution </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/tilde/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tilde expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../expansion/wordsplit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Word splitting </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_12> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_12 id=__nav_9_12_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grammar </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_12_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_12> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Grammar </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../grammar/parser_exec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parser exec </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_13> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_13 id=__nav_9_13_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Keywords </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_13_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_13> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Keywords </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../keywords/coproc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The coproc keyword </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tags/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tags </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#constants class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Constants </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#different-bases class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Different bases </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#shell-variables class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#truth class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Truth </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#operators class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Operators </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Operators> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#assignment class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Assignment </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#calculations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Calculations </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#comparisons class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Comparisons </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#bit-operations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bit operations </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#logical class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Logical </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#misc class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Misc </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#precedence class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Precedence </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#arithmetic-expressions-and-return-codes class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expressions and return codes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#arithmetic-expressions-in-bash class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expressions in Bash </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <nav class=md-tags> <a href=../../tags/#bash class=md-tag>bash</a> <a href=../../tags/#shell class=md-tag>shell</a> <a href=../../tags/#scripting class=md-tag>scripting</a> <a href=../../tags/#math class=md-tag>math</a> <a href=../../tags/#arithmetic class=md-tag>arithmetic</a> <a href=../../tags/#c class=md-tag>C</a> <a href=../../tags/#calculation class=md-tag>calculation</a> <a href=../../tags/#integer class=md-tag>integer</a> </nav> <a href=https://github.com/flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki/edit/main/docs/syntax/arith_expr.md title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4zm10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1z"/></svg> </a> <a href=https://github.com/flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki/raw/main/docs/syntax/arith_expr.md title="View source of this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 18c.56 0 1 .44 1 1s-.44 1-1 1-1-.44-1-1 .44-1 1-1m0-3c-2.73 0-5.06 1.66-6 4 .94 2.34 3.27 4 6 4s5.06-1.66 6-4c-.94-2.34-3.27-4-6-4m0 6.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5M9.27 20H6V4h7v5h5v4.07c.7.08 1.36.25 2 .49V8l-6-6H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4.5a8.2 8.2 0 0 1-1.23-2"/></svg> </a> <h1 id=arithmetic-expressions>Arithmetic expressions<a class=headerlink href=#arithmetic-expressions title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1> <p>Arithmetic expressions are used in several situations:</p> <ul> <li><a href=../ccmd/arithmetic_eval/ >arithmetic evaluation command</a></li> <li><a href=../expansion/arith/ >arithmetic expansion</a></li> <li><a href=../pe/#substring_expansion>substring parameter expansion</a></li> <li><a href=../../commands/builtin/let/ >the <code>let</code> builtin command</a></li> <li><a href=../ccmd/c_for/ >C-style for loop</a></li> <li><a href=../arrays/ >array indexing</a></li> <li><a href=../ccmd/conditional_expression/ >conditional expressions</a></li> <li>Assignment statements, and arguments to declaration commands of variables with the integer attribute.</li> </ul> <p>These expressions are evaluated following some rules described below. The operators and rules of arithmetic expressions are mainly derived from the C programming language.</p> <p>This article describes the theory of the used syntax and the behaviour. To get practical examples without big explanations, see <a href=http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashGuide/CompoundCommands#Arithmetic_Evaluation>this page on Greg's wiki</a>.</p> <h2 id=constants>Constants<a class=headerlink href=#constants title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Mathematical constants are simply fixed values you write: <code>1</code>, <code>3567</code>, or <code>4326</code>. Bash interprets some notations specially:</p> <ul> <li><code>0...</code> (leading zero) is interpreted as an <strong>octal</strong> value</li> <li><code>0x...</code> is interpreted as a <strong>hex</strong> value</li> <li><code>0X...</code> also interpreted as a <strong>hex</strong></li> <li><code><BASE>#...</code> is interpreted as a number according to the <strong>specified base</strong> <code><BASE></code>, e.g., <code>2#00111011</code> (see below)</li> </ul> <p>If you have a constant set in a variable, like,</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>x=03254
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</code></pre></div> <p>this is interpreted as an octal value. If you want it to be interpreted as a decimal value, you need to expand the parameter and specify base 10:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code># this is interpreted as a decimal:
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echo $(( 10#$x ))
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# this is interpreted as an octal:
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echo $(( x ))
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# this is an invalid digit for base 10 (the "x")...:
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echo $(( 10#x ))
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</code></pre></div> <h2 id=different-bases>Different bases<a class=headerlink href=#different-bases title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>For a constant, the base can be specified using the form</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><BASE>#<DIGITS...>
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</code></pre></div> <p>Regardless of the specified base, the arithmetic expressions will, if ever displayed, be <strong>displayed in decimal</strong>!</p> <p>When no base is specified, the base 10 (decimal) is assumed, except when the prefixes as mentioned above (octals, hexadecimals) are present. The specified base can range from 2 to 64. To represent digits in a specified base greater than 10, characters other than 0 to 9 are needed (in this order, low => high):</p> <ul> <li><code>0 ... 9</code></li> <li><code>a ... z</code></li> <li><code>A ... Z</code></li> <li><code>@</code></li> <li><code>_</code></li> </ul> <p>Let's quickly invent a new number system with base 43 to show what I mean:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>$ echo $((43#1))
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1
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$ echo $((43#a))
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10
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$echo $((43#A))
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36
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$ echo $((43#G))
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42
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$ echo $((43#H))
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bash: 43#H: value too great for base (error token is "43#H")
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</code></pre></div> <p>If you have no clue what a base is and why there might be other bases, and what numbers are and how they are built, then you don't need different bases.</p> <p>If you want to convert between the usual bases (octal, decimal, hex), use <a href=../../commands/builtin/printf/ >the printf command</a> and its format strings.</p> <h2 id=shell-variables>Shell variables<a class=headerlink href=#shell-variables title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Shell variables can of course be used as operands, even when the integer attribute is not turned on (by <code>declare -i <NAME></code>). If the variable is empty (null) or unset, its reference evaluates to 0. If the variable doesn't hold a value that looks like a valid expression (numbers or operations), the expression is re-used to reference, for example, the named parameters, e.g.:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>test=string
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string=3
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echo $((test))
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# will output "3"!
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</code></pre></div> <p>Of course, in the end, when it finally evaluates to something that is <strong>not</strong> a valid arithmetic expression (newlines, ordinary text, ...) then you'll get an error.</p> <p>When variables are referenced, the notation <code>1 + $X</code> is equivalent to the notation <code>1 + X</code>, both are allowed.</p> <p>When variables are referenced like <code>$X</code>, the rules of <a href=../pe/ >parameter expansion</a> apply and are performed <strong>before</strong> the expression is evaluated. Thus, a construct like <code>${MYSTRING:4:3}</code> is valid inside an arithmetic expression.</p> <h2 id=truth>Truth<a class=headerlink href=#truth title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Unlike command exit and return codes, arithmetic expressions evaluate to logical "true" when they are not 0. When they are 0, they evaluate to "false". The <a href=../ccmd/arithmetic_eval/ >arithmetic evaluation compound command</a> reverses the "truth" of an arithmetic expression to match the "truth" of command exit codes:</p> <ul> <li>if the arithmetic expression brings up a value not 0 (arithmetic true), it returns 0 (shell true)</li> <li>if the arithmetic expression evaluates to 0 (arithmetic false), it returns 1 (shell false)</li> </ul> <p>That means, the following <code>if</code>-clause will execute the <code>else</code>-thread:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code>if ((0)); then
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echo "true"
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else
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echo "false"
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fi
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</code></pre></div> <h2 id=operators>Operators<a class=headerlink href=#operators title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <h3 id=assignment>Assignment<a class=headerlink href=#assignment title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operator</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code><ID> = <EXPR></code></td> <td>normal assignment</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><ID> *= <EXPR></code></td> <td>equivalent to <code><ID> = <ID> * <EXPR></code>, see <a href=./#calculations>calculation operators</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><ID> /= <EXPR></code></td> <td>equivalent to <code><ID> = <ID> / <EXPR></code>, see <a href=./#calculations>calculation operators</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><ID> %= <EXPR></code></td> <td>equivalent to <code><ID> = <ID> % <EXPR></code>, see <a href=./#calculations>calculation operators</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><ID> += <EXPR></code></td> <td>equivalent to <code><ID> = <ID> + <EXPR></code>, see <a href=./#calculations>calculation operators</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><ID> -= <EXPR></code></td> <td>equivalent to <code><ID> = <ID> - <EXPR></code>, see <a href=./#calculations>calculation operators</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><ID> <<= <NUMBER></code></td> <td>equivalent to <code><ID> = <ID> << <NUMBER></code>, see <a href=./#bit_operations>bit operations</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><ID> >>= <NUMBER></code></td> <td>equivalent to <code><ID> = <ID> >> <NUMBER></code>, see <a href=./#bit_operations>bit operations</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><ID> &= <EXPR></code></td> <td>equivalent to <code><ID> = <ID> & <EXPR></code>, see <a href=./#bit_operations>bit operations</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><ID> ^= <EXPR></code></td> <td>equivalent to <code><ID> = <ID> ^ <EXPR></code>, see <a href=./#bit_operations>bit operations</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><ID>|= <EXPR></code></td> <td>equivalent to <code><ID> = <ID>|<EXPR></code>, see <a href=./#bit_operations>bit operations</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=calculations>Calculations<a class=headerlink href=#calculations title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operator</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>*</code></td> <td>multiplication</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>/</code></td> <td>division</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>%</code></td> <td>remainder (modulo)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>+</code></td> <td>addition</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>-</code></td> <td>subtraction</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>**</code></td> <td>exponentiation</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=comparisons>Comparisons<a class=headerlink href=#comparisons title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operator</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code><</code></td> <td>comparison: less than</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>></code></td> <td>comparison: greater than</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><=</code></td> <td>comparison: less than or equal</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>>=</code></td> <td>comparison: greater than or equal</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>==</code></td> <td>equality</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>!=</code></td> <td>inequality</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=bit-operations>Bit operations<a class=headerlink href=#bit-operations title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operator</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>~</code></td> <td>bitwise negation</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><<</code></td> <td>bitwise shifting (left)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>>></code></td> <td>bitwise shifting (right)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>&</code></td> <td>bitwise AND</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>^</code></td> <td>bitwise exclusive OR (XOR)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>|</code></td> <td>bitwise OR</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=logical>Logical<a class=headerlink href=#logical title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operator</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>!</code></td> <td>logical negation</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>&&</code></td> <td>logical AND</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>||</code></td> <td>logical OR</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=misc>Misc<a class=headerlink href=#misc title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operator</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>id++</code></td> <td><strong>post-increment</strong> of the variable <code>id</code> (not required by POSIX®)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>id--</code></td> <td><strong>post-decrement</strong> of the variable <code>id</code> (not required by POSIX®)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>++id</code></td> <td><strong>pre-increment</strong> of the variable <code>id</code> (not required by POSIX®)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>--id</code></td> <td><strong>pre-decrement</strong> of the variable <code>id</code> (not required by POSIX®)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>+</code></td> <td>unary plus</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>-</code></td> <td>unary minus</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><EXPR> ? <EXPR> : <EXPR></code></td> <td>conditional (ternary) operator <condition> ? <result-if-true> : <result-if-false></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><EXPR> , <EXPR></code></td> <td>expression list</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>( <EXPR> )</code></td> <td>subexpression (to force precedence)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id=precedence>Precedence<a class=headerlink href=#precedence title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>The operator precedence is as follows (highest -> lowest):</p> <ul> <li>Postfix (<code>id++</code>, <code>id--</code>)</li> <li>Prefix (<code>++id</code>, <code>--id</code>)</li> <li>Unary minus and plus (<code>-</code>, <code>+</code>)</li> <li>Logical and bitwise negation (<code>!</code>, <code>~</code>)</li> <li>Exponentiation (<code>**</code>)</li> <li>Multiplication, division, remainder (<code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code>)</li> <li>Addition, subtraction (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>)</li> <li>Bitwise shifts (<code><<</code>, <code>>></code>)</li> <li>Comparison (<code><</code>, <code>></code>, <code><=</code>, <code>>=</code>)</li> <li>(In-)equality (<code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>)</li> <li>Bitwise AND (<code>&</code>)</li> <li>Bitwise XOR (<code>^</code>)</li> <li>Bitwise OR (<code>|</code>)</li> <li>Logical AND (<code>&&</code>)</li> <li>Logical OR (<code>||</code>)</li> <li>Ternary operator (<code><EXPR> ? <EXPR> : <EXPR></code>)</li> <li>Assignments (<code>=</code>, <code>*=</code>, <code>/=</code>, <code>%=</code>, <code>+=</code>, <code>-=</code>, <code><<=</code>, <code>>>=</code>, <code>&=</code>, <code>^=</code>, <code>|=</code>)</li> <li>Expression list operator (<code><EXPR> , <EXPR></code>)</li> </ul> <p>The precedence can be adjusted using subexpressions of the form <code>( <EXPR> )</code> at any time. These subexpressions are always evaluated first.</p> <h2 id=arithmetic-expressions-and-return-codes>Arithmetic expressions and return codes<a class=headerlink href=#arithmetic-expressions-and-return-codes title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <p>Bash's overall language construct is based on exit codes or return codes of commands or functions to be executed. <code>if</code> statements, <code>while</code> loops, etc., they all take the return codes of commands as conditions.</p> <p>Now the problem is: The return codes (0 means "TRUE" or "SUCCESS", not 0 means "FALSE" or "FAILURE") don't correspond to the meaning of the result of an arithmetic expression (0 means "FALSE", not 0 means "TRUE").</p> <p>That's why all commands and keywords that do arithmetic operations attempt to <strong>translate</strong> the arithmetical meaning into an equivalent return code. This simply means:</p> <ul> <li>if the arithmetic operation evaluates to 0 ("FALSE"), the return code is not 0 ("FAILURE")</li> <li>if the arithmetic operation evaluates to 1 ("TRUE"), the return code is 0 ("SUCCESS")</li> </ul> <p>This way, you can easily use arithmetic expressions (along with the commands or keywords that operate them) as conditions for <code>if</code>, <code>while</code> and all the others, including <code>set -e</code> for autoexit on error:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-0-1 name=__codelineno-0-1 href=#__codelineno-0-1></a><span class=nv>MY_TEST_FLAG</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=m>0</span>
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<a id=__codelineno-0-2 name=__codelineno-0-2 href=#__codelineno-0-2></a>
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<a id=__codelineno-0-3 name=__codelineno-0-3 href=#__codelineno-0-3></a><span class=k>if</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>((</span>MY_TEST_FLAG<span class=o>))</span><span class=p>;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>then</span>
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<a id=__codelineno-0-4 name=__codelineno-0-4 href=#__codelineno-0-4></a><span class=w> </span><span class=nb>echo</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s2>"MY_TEST_FLAG is ON"</span>
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<a id=__codelineno-0-5 name=__codelineno-0-5 href=#__codelineno-0-5></a><span class=k>else</span>
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<a id=__codelineno-0-6 name=__codelineno-0-6 href=#__codelineno-0-6></a><span class=w> </span><span class=nb>echo</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s2>"MY_TEST_FLAG is OFF"</span>
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<a id=__codelineno-0-7 name=__codelineno-0-7 href=#__codelineno-0-7></a><span class=k>fi</span>
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</code></pre></div> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Beware that <code>set -e</code> can change the runtime behavior of scripts.</p> <p>For example,</p> <p>This non-equivalence of code behavior deserves some attention. Consider what happens if v happens to be zero in the expression below:</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-1-1 name=__codelineno-1-1 href=#__codelineno-1-1></a><span class=o>((</span><span class=nv>v</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>+=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=m>0</span><span class=o>))</span>
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<a id=__codelineno-1-2 name=__codelineno-1-2 href=#__codelineno-1-2></a><span class=nb>echo</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nv>$?</span>
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</code></pre></div> <p>1</p> <p>("FAILURE")</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-2-1 name=__codelineno-2-1 href=#__codelineno-2-1></a><span class=nv>v</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=k>$((</span><span class=nv>v</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>+</span><span class=w> </span><span class=m>0</span><span class=k>))</span>
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<a id=__codelineno-2-2 name=__codelineno-2-2 href=#__codelineno-2-2></a><span class=nb>echo</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nv>$?</span>
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</code></pre></div> <p>0</p> <p>("SUCCESS")</p> <p>The return code behavior is not equivalent to the arithmetic behavior, as has been noted.</p> <p>A workaround is to use a list operation that returns True, or use the second assignment style.</p> <div class=highlight><pre><span></span><code><a id=__codelineno-3-1 name=__codelineno-3-1 href=#__codelineno-3-1></a><span class=o>((</span><span class=nv>v</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>+=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=m>0</span><span class=o>))</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>||</span><span class=w> </span>:
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<a id=__codelineno-3-2 name=__codelineno-3-2 href=#__codelineno-3-2></a><span class=nb>echo</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nv>$?</span>
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</code></pre></div> <p>0</p> <p>("SUCCESS")</p> <p>This change in code behavior was discovered once the script was run under set -e.</p> </div> <h2 id=arithmetic-expressions-in-bash>Arithmetic expressions in Bash<a class=headerlink href=#arithmetic-expressions-in-bash title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=../ccmd/c_for/ >The C-style for-loop</a></li> <li><a href=../expansion/arith/ >Arithmetic expansion</a></li> <li><a href=../ccmd/arithmetic_eval/ >Arithmetic evaluation compound command</a></li> <li><a href=../../commands/builtin/let/ >The "let" builtin command</a></li> </ul> <aside class=md-source-file> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title="Last update"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 13.1c-.1 0-.3.1-.4.2l-1 1 2.1 2.1 1-1c.2-.2.2-.6 0-.8l-1.3-1.3c-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4-.2m-1.9 1.8-6.1 6V23h2.1l6.1-6.1zM12.5 7v5.2l4 2.4-1 1L11 13V7zM11 21.9c-5.1-.5-9-4.8-9-9.9C2 6.5 6.5 2 12 2c5.3 0 9.6 4.1 10 9.3-.3-.1-.6-.2-1-.2s-.7.1-1 .2C19.6 7.2 16.2 4 12 4c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8 0 4.1 3.1 7.5 7.1 7.9l-.1.2z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">November 13, 2024</span> </span> <span class=md-source-file__fact> <span class=md-icon title=Created> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.47 15.08 11 13V7h1.5v5.25l3.08 1.83c-.41.28-.79.62-1.11 1m-1.39 4.84c-.36.05-.71.08-1.08.08-4.42 0-8-3.58-8-8s3.58-8 8-8 8 3.58 8 8c0 .37-.03.72-.08 1.08.69.1 1.33.32 1.92.64.1-.56.16-1.13.16-1.72 0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10S2 6.5 2 12s4.47 10 10 10c.59 0 1.16-.06 1.72-.16-.32-.59-.54-1.23-.64-1.92M18 15v3h-3v2h3v3h2v-3h3v-2h-3v-3z"/></svg> </span> <span class="git-revision-date-localized-plugin git-revision-date-localized-plugin-date">November 13, 2024</span> </span> </aside> <h2 id=__comments>Comments</h2> <script src=https://giscus.app/client.js data-repo=flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki data-repo-id=R_kgDOJ3Nr6Q data-category="Giscus Page Comments" data-category-id=DIC_kwDOJ3Nr6c4CXq9t data-mapping=pathname data-strict=1 data-reactions-enabled=1 data-emit-metadata=0 data-input-position=top data-theme=preferred_color_scheme data-lang=en data-loading=lazy crossorigin=anonymous async>
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