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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><link href=https://flokoe.github.io/bash-hackers-wiki/ rel=canonical><link href=commands/classictest/ rel=next><link rel=icon href=assets/images/favicon.png><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.40"><title>The Bash Hackers Wiki</title><link rel=stylesheet href=assets/stylesheets/main.8c3ca2c6.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css><link rel=preconnect href=https://fonts.gstatic.com crossorigin><link rel=stylesheet href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style><script>__md_scope=new 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12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-source__repository> flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki </div> </a> </div> </nav> </header> <div class=md-container data-md-component=container> <nav class=md-tabs aria-label=Tabs data-md-component=tabs> <div class=md-grid> <ul class=md-tabs__list> <li class="md-tabs__item md-tabs__item--active"> <a href=. class=md-tabs__link> Start </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=commands/classictest/ class=md-tabs__link> Commands </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=dict/directory/ class=md-tabs__link> Dict </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=howto/calculate-dc/ class=md-tabs__link> Howto </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=internals/shell_options/ class=md-tabs__link> Internals </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=misc/bashphorisms/ class=md-tabs__link> Misc </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=scripting/bashbehaviour/ class=md-tabs__link> Scripting </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=snipplets/ class=md-tabs__link> Snipplets </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=syntax/arith_expr/ class=md-tabs__link> Syntax </a> </li> <li class=md-tabs__item> <a href=tags/ class=md-tabs__link> Tags </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <main class=md-main data-md-component=main> <div class="md-main__inner md-grid"> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=navigation hidden> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary md-nav--lifted" aria-label=Navigation data-md-level=0> <label 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3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-source__repository> flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki </div> </a> </div> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> <span class=md-ellipsis> Start </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=. class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> <span class=md-ellipsis> Start </span> </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#scripting-and-general-information class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting and general information </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#code-snippets class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Code snippets </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#how-to class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> How to </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#bash-syntax-and-operations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash syntax and operations </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#compound-commands class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Compound commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#expansions-and-substitutions class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansions and substitutions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#builtin-commands class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Builtin Commands </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Builtin Commands"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#declaration-commands class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Declaration commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#io class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> IO </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#configuration-and-debugging class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Configuration and Debugging </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#control-flow-and-data-processing class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Control flow and data processing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#process-and-job-control class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Process and Job control </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#dictionary class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dictionary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#links class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Links </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Links> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#official-bash-links class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Official Bash links </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#recommended-shell-resources class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Recommended Shell resources </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Recommended Shell resources"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#documentation-reference class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Documentation / Reference </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#assorted-interesting-links class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Assorted interesting links </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#bash-libraries-needs-review class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash Libraries (needs review) </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#contact class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contact </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2 id=__nav_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Commands </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Commands </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/classictest/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The classic test command </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_2_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_2_2 id=__nav_2_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Builtin </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_2_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_2_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Builtin </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/caller/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The caller builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/cd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The cd builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/declare/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The declare builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/echo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The echo builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/eval/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The eval builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/exec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The exec builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/exit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The exit builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/export/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The export builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/kill/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The kill builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/let/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The let builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/local/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The local builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/mapfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The mapfile builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/printf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The printf command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/read/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The read builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/readonly/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The readonly builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/return/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The return builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/set/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The set builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/shift/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The shift builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/shopt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The shopt builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/trap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The trap builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/unset/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The unset builtin command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=commands/builtin/wait/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The wait builtin command </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_3> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_3 id=__nav_3_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dict </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Dict </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/directory/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Directory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/end_of_options/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> End of Options </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/exit_status/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Exit Status </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> File </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/filetimes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> File timestamp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/globbing/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Globbing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/hardlink/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hardlink </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/interpreter_directive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Interpreter Directive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/parameter/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/posix/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> POSIX </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/shell/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/special_file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=dict/symlink/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Symlink </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4 id=__nav_4_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Howto </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Howto </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=howto/calculate-dc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Calculating with dc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=howto/collapsing_functions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Collapsing Functions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=howto/conffile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Config files for your script </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=howto/dissectabadoneliner/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dissect a bad oneliner </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=howto/edit-ed/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Editing files via scripts with ed </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=howto/getopts_tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Small getopts tutorial </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=howto/mutex/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Lock your script (against parallel execution) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=howto/pax/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pax - the POSIX archiver </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=howto/redirection_tutorial/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Illustrated Redirection Tutorial </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=howto/testing-your-scripts/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Testing your scripts </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_5> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_5 id=__nav_5_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Internals </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Internals </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=internals/shell_options/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> List of shell options </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_6> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_6 id=__nav_6_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Misc </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_6_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Misc </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=misc/bashphorisms/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The Bashphorisms </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=misc/readthesourceluke/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Readthesourceluke </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=misc/shell_humor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Shell Humor </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_7> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_7 id=__nav_7_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_7_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_7> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Scripting </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/bashbehaviour/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash's behaviour </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/bashchanges/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash changes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/basics/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The basics of shell scripting </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/debuggingtips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Debugging a script </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/newbie_traps/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Beginner Mistakes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/nonportable/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Portability talk </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/obsolete/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Obsolete and deprecated syntax </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/posparams/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Handling positional parameters </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/processtree/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash and the process tree </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/style/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting with style </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=scripting/terminalcodes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Terminal codes (ANSI/VT100) introduction </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_8> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_8 id=__nav_8_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Snipplets </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_8_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Snipplets </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Small code snipplets </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/add_color_to_your_scripts/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Add Color to your scripts </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/awkcsv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Using awk to deal with CSV that uses quoted/unquoted delimiters </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/filesize/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Show size of a file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/kill_bg_job_without_message/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kill a background job without a message </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/largestfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Get largest file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/pause_command/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pausing a script (like MSDOS pause command) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/prargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print argument list for testing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/print_horizontal_line/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print a horizontal line </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/rndstr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Print a random string or select random elements </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/screen_saverestore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Save and restore terminal/screen content </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/ssh_fetchkeys/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Fetching SSH hostkeys without interaction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/ssh_local_var/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Run some bash commands with SSH remotely using local variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/wrapperargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Generate code with own arguments properly quoted </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=snipplets/xclip/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> X-Clipboard on Commandline </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9 id=__nav_9_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Syntax </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Syntax </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/arith_expr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expressions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/arrays/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arrays </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/basicgrammar/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Basic grammar rules of Bash </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/pattern/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patterns and pattern matching </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/pe/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parameter expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/quoting/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Quotes and escaping </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/redirection/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Redirection </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/shellvars/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Special parameters and shell variables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/words/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Words... </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_10> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_10 id=__nav_9_10_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ccmd </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_10_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_10> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Ccmd </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/arithmetic_eval/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic evaluation (command) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/c_for/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The C-style for-loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/case/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The case statement </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/classic_for/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The classic for-loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/conditional_expression/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The conditional expression </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/grouping_plain/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grouping commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/grouping_subshell/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grouping commands in a subshell </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/if_clause/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The if-clause </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/intro/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash compound commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/until_loop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The until loop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/user_select/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> User selections </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/ccmd/while_loop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The while-loop </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_11> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_11 id=__nav_9_11_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansion </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_11_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_11> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Expansion </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/expansion/arith/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arithmetic expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/expansion/brace/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Brace expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/expansion/cmdsubst/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Command substitution </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/expansion/globs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pathname expansion (globbing) </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/expansion/intro/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansions and substitutions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/expansion/proc_subst/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Process substitution </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/expansion/tilde/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tilde expansion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/expansion/wordsplit/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Word splitting </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_12> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_12 id=__nav_9_12_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Grammar </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_12_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_12> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Grammar </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/grammar/parser_exec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parser exec </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_13> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9_13 id=__nav_9_13_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Keywords </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_13_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_13> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Keywords </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=syntax/keywords/coproc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> The coproc keyword </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=tags/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tags </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#scripting-and-general-information class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Scripting and general information </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#code-snippets class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Code snippets </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#how-to class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> How to </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#bash-syntax-and-operations class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash syntax and operations </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#compound-commands class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Compound commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#expansions-and-substitutions class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Expansions and substitutions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#builtin-commands class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Builtin Commands </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Builtin Commands"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#declaration-commands class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Declaration commands </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#io class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> IO </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#configuration-and-debugging class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Configuration and Debugging </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#control-flow-and-data-processing class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Control flow and data processing </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#process-and-job-control class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Process and Job control </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#dictionary class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dictionary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#links class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Links </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label=Links> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#official-bash-links class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Official Bash links </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#recommended-shell-resources class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Recommended Shell resources </span> </a> <nav class=md-nav aria-label="Recommended Shell resources"> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#documentation-reference class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Documentation / Reference </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#assorted-interesting-links class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Assorted interesting links </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#bash-libraries-needs-review class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bash Libraries (needs review) </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#contact class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contact </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <nav class=md-tags> <a href=tags/#bash class=md-tag>bash</a> <a href=tags/#shell class=md-tag>shell</a> <a href=tags/#linux class=md-tag>linux</a> <a href=tags/#scripting class=md-tag>scripting</a> </nav> <a href=https://github.com/flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki/edit/main/docs/index.md title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4zm10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1z"/></svg> </a> <a href=https://github.com/flokoe/bash-hackers-wiki/raw/main/docs/index.md title="View source of this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 18c.56 0 1 .44 1 1s-.44 1-1 1-1-.44-1-1 .44-1 1-1m0-3c-2.73 0-5.06 1.66-6 4 .94 2.34 3.27 4 6 4s5.06-1.66 6-4c-.94-2.34-3.27-4-6-4m0 6.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5-2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5M9.27 20H6V4h7v5h5v4.07c.7.08 1.36.25 2 .49V8l-6-6H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4.5a8.2 8.2 0 0 1-1.23-2"/></svg> </a> <h1 id=the-bash-hackers-wiki>The Bash Hackers Wiki<a class=headerlink href=#the-bash-hackers-wiki title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class=admonition-title>Under construction</p> <p>This is an archive of the old <a href=https://wiki.bash-hackers.org>wiki.bash-hackers.org</a> with the goal of preserving and improving the content by the community in a modern way and format.</p> <p>The most recent version of each page that had content was automatically converted to Markdown and can be found here. Pandoc did its best, but there is still some work to do as not all pages are formatted correctly. So for everyone who is interested in helping out, feel free to open PRs. Any help is welcome.</p> </div> <p>This wiki is intended to hold documentation of any kind about GNU Bash. The main motivation was to provide <em>human-readable documentation</em> and information so users aren't forced to read every bit of the Bash manpage - which can be difficult to understand. However, the docs here are <strong>not</strong> meant as a newbie tutorial.</p> <p>This wiki and any programs found in this wiki are free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.</p> <p>This wiki and its programs are distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.</p> <p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see <a href=http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ >http://www.gnu.org/licenses/</a>.</p> <p><strong>Stranger!</strong> Feel free to comment or edit the contents on GitHub. Use GitHub Issues to submit bugs and GitHub Discussions for enhancements, requests and general feedback/discussion.</p> <h2 id=scripting-and-general-information>Scripting and general information<a class=headerlink href=#scripting-and-general-information title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=bash4/ >Bash v4 - a rough overview</a> (unmaintained, since Bash 4 is more or less standard.md)</li> <li><a href=scripting/style/ >style</a> – an assorted collection of style and optic hints</li> <li><a href=scripting/basics/ >basics</a></li> <li><a href=scripting/newbie_traps/ >newbie_traps</a></li> <li><a href=scripting/bashbehaviour/ >bashbehaviour</a></li> <li><a href=scripting/posparams/ >posparams</a></li> <li><a href=scripting/processtree/ >processtree</a></li> <li><a href=scripting/obsolete/ >obsolete</a></li> <li><a href=scripting/nonportable/ >nonportable</a></li> <li><a href=scripting/debuggingtips/ >debuggingtips</a></li> <li><a href=scripting/terminalcodes/ >terminalcodes</a></li> </ul> <h2 id=code-snippets>Code snippets<a class=headerlink href=#code-snippets title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>There is a <a href=snipplets/ >section that holds small code snippets</a>.</p> <p>See also <a href=misc/readthesourceluke/ >some Bash source code excerpts</a>.</p> <h2 id=how-to>How to<a class=headerlink href=#how-to title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Doing specific tasks: concepts, methods, ideas:</p> <ul> <li><a href=howto/mutex/ >Simple locking (against parallel run.md)</a></li> <li><a href=howto/conffile/ >Rudimentary config files for your scripts</a></li> <li><a href=howto/edit-ed/ >Editing files with ed</a></li> <li><a href=howto/collapsing_functions/ >Collapsing Functions</a></li> <li><a href=howto/redirection_tutorial/ >Illustrated Redirection Tutorial</a></li> <li><a href=howto/calculate-dc/ >Calculate with dc</a></li> <li><a href=howto/pax/ >Introduction to pax - the POSIX archiver</a></li> <li><a href=howto/getopts_tutorial/ >getopts_tutorial</a> (<em>under construction!</em>)</li> <li><a href=howto/dissectabadoneliner/ >dissectabadoneliner</a> An example of a bad oneliner, breakdown and fix (by <code>kojoro</code>)</li> <li><a href=howto/testing-your-scripts/ >Write tests for ./your-script.sh</a> by using bashtest util</li> </ul> <h2 id=bash-syntax-and-operations>Bash syntax and operations<a class=headerlink href=#bash-syntax-and-operations title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href=scripting/bashchanges/ >Bash features overview by version</a></li> <li><a href=syntax/basicgrammar/ >Basic grammar rules</a></li> <li><a href=syntax/quoting/ >Quoting and character escaping</a></li> <li><a href=syntax/grammar/parser_exec/ >Parsing and execution</a></li> <li><a href=syntax/words/ >Some words about words...</a></li> <li><a href=syntax/pattern/ >Patterns and pattern matching</a></li> <li><a href=syntax/arith_expr/ >Arithmetic expressions</a></li> <li><a href=internals/shell_options/ >List of shell options</a></li> <li><a href=syntax/redirection/ >Redirection</a></li> <li><a href=syntax/shellvars/ >Special parameters and shell variables</a></li> <li><a href=syntax/arrays/ >Arrays</a></li> </ul> <h2 id=compound-commands>Compound commands<a class=headerlink href=#compound-commands title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th><a href=syntax/ccmd/intro/ >Compound commands overview</a></th> <th></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Grouping</strong></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>{ ...; }</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/grouping_plain/ >command grouping</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>( ... .md)</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/grouping_subshell/ >command grouping in a subshell</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Conditionals</strong></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[[ ... ]]</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/conditional_expression/ >conditional expression</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>if ...; then ...; fi</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/if_clause/ >conditional branching</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>case ... esac</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/case/ >pattern-based branching</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Loops</strong></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>for word in ...; do ...; done</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/classic_for/ >classic for-loop</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>for ((x=1; x&lt;=10; x++)); do ...; done</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/c_for/ >C-style for-loop</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>while ...; do ...; done</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/while_loop/ >while loop</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>until ...; do ...; done</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/until_loop/ >until loop</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Misc</strong></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>(( ... ))</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/arithmetic_eval/ >arithmetic evaluation</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>select word in ...; do ...; done</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/ccmd/user_select/ >user selections</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id=expansions-and-substitutions>Expansions and substitutions<a class=headerlink href=#expansions-and-substitutions title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th><a href=syntax/expansion/intro/ >Introduction to expansions and substitutions</a></th> <th></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>{A,B,C} {A..C}</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/expansion/brace/ >Brace expansion</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>~/ ~root/</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/expansion/tilde/ >Tilde expansion</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>$FOO ${BAR%.mp3}</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/pe/ >Parameter expansion</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>`command` $(command)</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/expansion/cmdsubst/ >Command substitution</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>&lt;(command.md) &gt;(command)</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/expansion/proc_subst/ >Process substitution</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>$((1 + 2 + 3)) $[4 + 5 + 6]</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/expansion/arith/ >Arithmetic expansion</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>Hello &lt;---&gt; Word!</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/expansion/wordsplit/ >Word splitting</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>/data/*-av/*.mp?</code></td> <td><a href=syntax/expansion/globs/ >Pathname expansion</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id=builtin-commands>Builtin Commands<a class=headerlink href=#builtin-commands title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>This is a selection of builtin commands and command-like keywords, loosely arranged by their common uses. These are provided directly by the shell, rather than invoked as standalone external commands.</p> <h3 id=declaration-commands>Declaration commands<a class=headerlink href=#declaration-commands title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>Note</p> <p>Commands that set and query attributes/types, and manipulate simple datastructures.</p> </div> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Command</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Alt</th> <th>Type</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/declare/ >declare</a></td> <td>Display or set shell variables or functions along with attributes.</td> <td><code>typeset</code></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/export/ >export</a></td> <td>Display or set shell variables, also giving them the export attribute.</td> <td><code>typeset -x</code></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/eval/ >eval</a></td> <td>Evaluate arguments as shell code.</td> <td></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/local/ >local</a></td> <td>Declare variables as having function local scope.</td> <td></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/readonly/ >readonly</a></td> <td>Mark variables or functions as read-only.</td> <td><code>typeset -r</code></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/unset/ >unset</a></td> <td>Unset variables and functions.</td> <td></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/shift/ >shift</a></td> <td>Shift positional parameters</td> <td></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=io>IO<a class=headerlink href=#io title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>Note</p> <p>Commands for reading/parsing input, or producing/formatting output of standard streams.</p> </div> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Command</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Alt</th> <th>Type</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href=syntax/keywords/coproc/ >coproc</a></td> <td>Co-processes: Run a command in the background with pipes for reading / writing its standard streams.</td> <td></td> <td>keyword</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/echo/ >echo</a></td> <td>Create output from arguments.</td> <td></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/mapfile/ >mapfile</a></td> <td>Read lines of input into an array.</td> <td><code>readarray</code></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/printf/ >printf</a></td> <td>"advanced <code>echo</code>"</td> <td></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/read/ >read</a></td> <td>Read input into variables or arrays, or split strings into fields using delimiters.</td> <td></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=configuration-and-debugging>Configuration and Debugging<a class=headerlink href=#configuration-and-debugging title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>Note</p> <p>Commands that modify shell behavior, change special options, assist in debugging.</p> </div> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Command</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Alt</th> <th>Type</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/caller/ >caller</a></td> <td>Identify/print execution frames.</td> <td></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/set/ >set</a></td> <td>Set the positional parameters and/or set options that affect shell behaviour.</td> <td></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/shopt/ >shopt</a></td> <td>set/get some bash-specific shell options.</td> <td></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=control-flow-and-data-processing>Control flow and data processing<a class=headerlink href=#control-flow-and-data-processing title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>Note</p> <p>Commands that operate on data and/or affect control flow.</p> </div> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Command</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Alt</th> <th>Type</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>colon</code></td> <td>"true" null command.</td> <td><code>true</code></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>.</code> (dot)</td> <td>Source external files.</td> <td><code>source</code></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>false</code></td> <td>Fail at doing nothing.</td> <td></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>continue / break</code></td> <td>continue with or break out of loops.</td> <td></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/let/ >let</a></td> <td>Arithmetic evaluation simple command.</td> <td></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/return/ >return</a></td> <td>Return from a function with a specified exit status.</td> <td></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/classictest/ >[]</a></td> <td>The classic <code>test</code> simple command.</td> <td><code>test</code></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id=process-and-job-control>Process and Job control<a class=headerlink href=#process-and-job-control title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>Note</p> <p>Commands related to jobs, signals, process groups, subshells.</p> </div> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Command</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Alt</th> <th>Type</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/exec/ >exec</a></td> <td>Replace the current shell process or set redirections.</td> <td></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/exit/ >exit</a></td> <td>Exit the shell.</td> <td></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/trap/ >trap</a></td> <td>Set signal handlers or output the current handlers.</td> <td></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/kill/ >kill</a></td> <td>Send a signal to specified process(es.md)</td> <td></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>times</code></td> <td>Display process times.</td> <td></td> <td>special builtin</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href=commands/builtin/wait/ >wait</a></td> <td>Wait for background jobs and asynchronous lists.</td> <td></td> <td>builtin</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id=dictionary>Dictionary<a class=headerlink href=#dictionary title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>A list of expressions, words, and their meanings can be found under the <em>Dict</em> tab.</p> <h2 id=links>Links<a class=headerlink href=#links title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <h3 id=official-bash-links>Official Bash links<a class=headerlink href=#official-bash-links title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li><a href=http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashtop.html>Chet Ramey's Bash page</a> and its <a href=http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/FAQ>FAQ</a>.</li> <li><a href=http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/ >GNU Bash software page</a></li> <li>Official Bash mailing lists:</li> <li><strong>Bug reports</strong>: <a href=mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org>&#98;&#117;&#103;&#45;&#98;&#97;&#115;&#104;&#64;&#103;&#110;&#117;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;</a> (<a href=http://mail.gnu.org/pipermail/bug-bash>archives</a>)</li> <li><strong>General questions</strong>: <a href=mailto:help-bash@gnu.org>&#104;&#101;&#108;&#112;&#45;&#98;&#97;&#115;&#104;&#64;&#103;&#110;&#117;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;</a> (<a href=http://mail.gnu.org/pipermail/help-bash>archives</a>)</li> <li>Official Bash git repository:</li> <li><strong>Browse</strong>: <a href=http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git>cgit</a></li> <li><strong>Clone</strong>: <code>git clone git.sv.gnu.org/srv/git/bash.git</code></li> </ul> <h3 id=recommended-shell-resources>Recommended Shell resources<a class=headerlink href=#recommended-shell-resources title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li><a href=http://mywiki.wooledge.org/ >Greg's wiki</a> - Greg Wooledge's (aka "greycat") wiki -- with <strong>MASSIVE</strong> information about Bash and UNIX&reg; in general.</li> <li><a href=http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ>BashFAQ</a> • <a href=http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashGuide>BashGuide</a> • <a href=http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls>BashPitfalls</a> • <a href=http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashSheet>BashSheet</a></li> <li><a href=http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/ >Sven Mascheck's pages</a> - A goldmine of information. A must-read.</li> <li><a href=https://www.mirbsd.org/ksh-chan.htm>#ksh channel page</a> - #ksh Freenode channel page maintains a solid collection of recommended links.</li> <li><a href=http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/ >The Grymoire Unix pages</a> - Good scripting information, especially read the <a href=http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Quote.html>quoting</a> guide.</li> <li><a href=http://www.shelldorado.com>Heiner's "Shell Dorado"</a> - Tips, tricks, links - for every situation.</li> <li><a href=http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ >The Single Unix Specification (version 4, aka POSIX-2008)</a></li> <li><a href=http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ >The Austin Group</a> - <a href=http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.comp.standards.posix.austin.general>List archives</a>, <a href=http://austingroupbugs.net/main_page.php>Bug tracker</a></li> <li><a href=http://cfajohnson.com/shell/cus-faq.html>comp.unix.shell FAQ</a></li> <li><a href=https://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/index.html>Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide</a> - last update: 10 Mar 2014, but still very useful guide.</li> </ul> <h4 id=documentation-reference>Documentation / Reference<a class=headerlink href=#documentation-reference title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4> <ul> <li><strong>Bash</strong>: <a href=http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bash.html>man page</a>, <a href=http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashref.html>info page</a></li> <li><strong>AT&amp;T ksh</strong>: <a href=http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh88.html>ksh88</a>, <a href=http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh.html>ksh93</a></li> <li><a href=https://www.mirbsd.org/htman/i386/man1/mksh.htm>mksh</a> (pdksh successor)</li> <li><a href=http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/ >zsh</a></li> <li><a href=http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/dash.1.html>dash</a></li> <li><a href=http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/man/sh.1.html>Heirloom Bourne shell</a></li> <li><a href=http://v6shell.org/man/osh.1.html>Thompson shell</a></li> </ul> <h3 id=assorted-interesting-links>Assorted interesting links<a class=headerlink href=#assorted-interesting-links title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li><a href=http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/bourne/ >History and development of the traditional Bourne shell family</a> - very interesting and nice to read!</li> <li><a href=http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/222764/-z_programming_languages_bash_bourne-again_shell>Interview with Chet Ramey</a></li> <li><a href=http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/a-z_programming_languages_sh>Interview with Steve Bourne</a> • <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kEJoWfobpA">Stephen Bourne - BSDCan 2015 keynote</a></li> <li><a href=http://news.slashdot.org/story/01/02/06/2030205/david-korn-tells-all>Interview with David Korn</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKzonnwoR2I">Kernighan on the Unix pipeline (computerphile video)</a></li> <li>Linux in general, with some shell related stuff: <a href=http://www.cyberciti.biz/ >nixCraft: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials and Ideas</a></li> <li>Linux tutorials, guides and how-tos: <a href=https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/ >RoseHosting Blog</a>, <a href=https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/script-install-wordpress-on-a-debianubuntu-vps/ >bash script for installing WordPress</a> and some <a href=https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/basic-shell-commands-after-putty-ssh-logon/ >basic shell commands</a></li> <li><a href=misc/bashphorisms/ >Bashphorism list from the Bash IRC channel on Freenode</a></li> <li><a href=misc/shell_humor/ >Some more or less funny commandline stuff</a></li> <li><a href=https://thishosting.rocks/how-to-enable-ssh-on-ubuntu/ >How to Enable SSH on Ubuntu Tutorial</a></li> <li><a href=https://linuxstans.com/how-to-make-an-awesome-custom-shell-with-zsh/ >How To Make an Awesome Custom Shell with ZSH</a></li> </ul> <h3 id=bash-libraries-needs-review>Bash Libraries (needs review)<a class=headerlink href=#bash-libraries-needs-review title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3> <ul> <li><a href=http://sourceforge.net/projects/oobash/ >An oo-style bash library for bash 4</a> - provides tools for rapid script development and huge libraries.</li> <li><a href=https://github.com/hornos/shf3>General purpose shell framework for bash 4</a> - in development.</li> <li><a href=https://github.com/chilicuil/learn/blob/master/sh/lib>General purpose bash library for bash 4</a> - active development</li> </ul> <h2 id=contact>Contact<a class=headerlink href=#contact title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2> <p>Visit us in <a href=ircs://irc.libera.chat:6697>ircs://irc.libera.chat:6697</a>, channel <code>#bash</code> ;-)</p> <p>If you have critiques or suggestions, please feel free to send a mail using the contact form on the right. 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