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@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ To edit and develop locally install the following packages and run the built in
|
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```bash
|
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python3 -m venv env
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||||
source env/bin/activate
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||||
pip install mkdocs-material mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin mkdocs-awesome-pages-plugin mkdocs-minify-plugin
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pip install -r requirements.txt
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mkdocs serve
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```
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||||
|
||||
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@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ is given or the shell is configured to do so (see the `-P` option of
|
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|
||||
### Options
|
||||
|
||||
Option Description
|
||||
-------- ----------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`-L` Follow symbolic links (default)
|
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`-P` Do not follow symbolic links
|
||||
`-@` Browse a file's extended attributed, if supported
|
||||
|Option|Description|
|
||||
|------|-----------|
|
||||
|`-L`|Follow symbolic links (default)|
|
||||
|`-P`|Do not follow symbolic links|
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||||
|`-@`|Browse a file's extended attributed, if supported|
|
||||
|
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### Exit status
|
||||
|
||||
|
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@ -30,54 +30,36 @@ tagged as obsolete.
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Below, `[-+]X` indicates an attribute, use `-X` to set the attribute,
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`+X` to remove it.
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||||
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
Option Description
|
||||
--------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`[-+]a` make NAMEs indexed arrays (removing with `+a` is valid syntax, but leads to an error message)
|
||||
|
||||
`[-+]A` make NAMEs associative arrays
|
||||
|
||||
`[-+]c` **Undocumented** convert NAMEs to "capcase" on assignment (makes the first letter upper-case and the rest lower). Requires Bash built with `-DCASEMOD_CAPCASE`
|
||||
|
||||
`-f` restrict action or display to function names and definitions (removing with `+f` is valid syntax, but leads to an error message)
|
||||
|
||||
`-F` restrict display to function names only (plus line number and source file when debugging)
|
||||
|
||||
`-g` create global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise ignored (by default, `declare` declares local scope variables when used in shell functions)
|
||||
|
||||
`[-+]i` make NAMEs have the "integer" attribute
|
||||
|
||||
`[-+]l` convert NAMEs to lower case on assignment (makes sure the variable contains only lower case letters)
|
||||
|
||||
`[-+]n` make NAME a reference to the variable named by its value. Introduced in Bash 4.3-alpha.
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''`${!NAME}`'' reveals the reference variable name, VALUE.
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Use `unset -n NAME` to unset the variable. (`unset -v NAME` unsets the VALUE variable.)
|
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Use `[[ -R NAME ]]` to test if NAME has been set to a VALUE, another variable's name.
|
||||
|
||||
`-p` display the attributes and value of each NAME
|
||||
|
||||
`[-+]r` make NAMEs readonly (removing with `+r` is valid syntax, but not possible)
|
||||
|
||||
`[-+]t` make NAMEs have the "trace" attribute (effective only for functions)
|
||||
|
||||
`[-+]u` convert NAMEs to upper case on assignment (makes sure the variable contains only upper case letters)
|
||||
|
||||
`[-+]x` make NAMEs exported
|
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
|Option|Description|
|
||||
|------|-----------|
|
||||
|`[-+]a`|make NAMEs indexed arrays (removing with `+a` is valid syntax, but leads to an error message)|
|
||||
|`[-+]A`|make NAMEs associative arrays|
|
||||
|`[-+]c`|**Undocumented** convert NAMEs to "capcase" on assignment (makes the first letter upper-case and the rest lower). Requires Bash built with `-DCASEMOD_CAPCASE`|
|
||||
|`-f`|restrict action or display to function names and definitions (removing with `+f` is valid syntax, but leads to an error message)|
|
||||
|`-F`|restrict display to function names only (plus line number and source file when debugging)|
|
||||
|`-g`|create global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise ignored (by default, `declare` declares local scope variables when used in shell functions)|
|
||||
|`[-+]i`|make NAMEs have the "integer" attribute|
|
||||
|`[-+]l`|convert NAMEs to lower case on assignment (makes sure the variable contains only lower case letters)|
|
||||
|`[-+]n`|make NAME a reference to the variable named by its value. Introduced in Bash 4.3-alpha. ''`${!NAME}`'' reveals the reference variable name, VALUE. Use `unset -n NAME` to unset the variable. (`unset -v NAME` unsets the VALUE variable.) Use `[[ -R NAME ]]` to test if NAME has been set to a VALUE, another variable's name.|
|
||||
|`-p`|display the attributes and value of each NAME|
|
||||
|`[-+]r`|make NAMEs readonly (removing with `+r` is valid syntax, but not possible)|
|
||||
|`[-+]t`|make NAMEs have the "trace" attribute (effective only for functions)|
|
||||
|`[-+]u`|convert NAMEs to upper case on assignment (makes sure the variable contains only upper case letters)|
|
||||
|`[-+]x`|make NAMEs exported|
|
||||
|
||||
### Return status
|
||||
|
||||
Status Reason
|
||||
-------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
0 no error
|
||||
!= 0 invalid option
|
||||
!= 0 invalid variable name given
|
||||
!= 0 attempt to **define** a function using `-f`
|
||||
!= 0 assignment to a readonly variable
|
||||
!= 0 removing the readonly-attribute from a readonly variable
|
||||
!= 0 assignment to an array variable without the compound assignment syntax (`array=(...)`)
|
||||
!= 0 attempt to use `+a` to "destroy" an array
|
||||
!= 0 attemt to display a non-existent function with `-f`
|
||||
|Status|Reason|
|
||||
|------|------|
|
||||
|0|no error|
|
||||
|!= 0|invalid option|
|
||||
|!= 0|invalid variable name given|
|
||||
|!= 0|attempt to **define** a function using `-f`|
|
||||
|!= 0|assignment to a readonly variable|
|
||||
|!= 0|removing the readonly-attribute from a readonly variable|
|
||||
|!= 0|assignment to an array variable without the compound assignment syntax (`array=(...)`)|
|
||||
|!= 0|attempt to use `+a` to "destroy" an array|
|
||||
|!= 0|attemt to display a non-existent function with `-f`|
|
||||
|
||||
## Notes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -16,31 +16,31 @@ if given.
|
||||
|
||||
### Options
|
||||
|
||||
Option Description
|
||||
-------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`-n` The trailing newline is suppressed.
|
||||
`-e` Interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters (below) is enabled.
|
||||
`-E` Disables the interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
|
||||
Option|Description|
|
||||
------|-----------|
|
||||
|`-n`|The trailing newline is suppressed.|
|
||||
|`-e`|Interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters (below) is enabled.|
|
||||
|`-E`|Disables the interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.|
|
||||
|
||||
### Escape sequences
|
||||
|
||||
Escape Description
|
||||
-------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`\a` alert (bell)
|
||||
`\b` backspace
|
||||
`\c` suppress further output
|
||||
`\e`
|
||||
`\E` an escape character
|
||||
`\f` form feed
|
||||
`\n` new line
|
||||
`\r` carriage return
|
||||
`\t` horizontal tab
|
||||
`\v` vertical tab
|
||||
`\\` backslash
|
||||
`\0nnn` the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (zero to three octal digits)
|
||||
`\xHH` the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits)
|
||||
`\uHHHH` the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
|
||||
`\UHHHHHHHH` the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
|
||||
|Escape|Description|
|
||||
|------|-----------|
|
||||
|`\a`|alert (bell)|
|
||||
|`\b`|backspace|
|
||||
|`\c`|suppress further output|
|
||||
|`\e`|
|
||||
|`\E`|an escape character|
|
||||
|`\f`|form feed|
|
||||
|`\n`|new line|
|
||||
|`\r`|carriage return|
|
||||
|`\t`|horizontal tab|
|
||||
|`\v`|vertical tab|
|
||||
|`\\`|backslash|
|
||||
|`\0nnn`|the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (zero to three octal digits)|
|
||||
|`\xHH`|the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits)|
|
||||
|`\uHHHH`|the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)|
|
||||
|`\UHHHHHHHH`|the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)|
|
||||
|
||||
## Examples
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ shell without executing any program.
|
||||
|
||||
### Options
|
||||
|
||||
Option Description
|
||||
----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`-a NAME` Passes `NAME` as zeroth argument for the program to be executed
|
||||
`-c` Execute the program with an empty (cleared) environment
|
||||
`-l` Prepends a dash (`-`) to the zeroth argument of the program to be executed, similar to what the `login` program does
|
||||
|Option|Description|
|
||||
|------|-----------|
|
||||
|`-a NAME`|Passes `NAME` as zeroth argument for the program to be executed|
|
||||
|`-c`|Execute the program with an empty (cleared) environment|
|
||||
|`-l`|Prepends a dash (`-`) to the zeroth argument of the program to be executed, similar to what the `login` program does|
|
||||
|
||||
### Exit status
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ There are no options.
|
||||
Naturally, you can't ask for the exit status from within the shell that
|
||||
executed the `exit` command, because the shell exits.
|
||||
|
||||
Status Reason
|
||||
-------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
255 invalid (e.g. non-numeric) argument - this staus is returned to the parent
|
||||
|Status|Reason|
|
||||
|------|------|
|
||||
|255|invalid (e.g. non-numeric) argument - this staus is returned to the parent|
|
||||
|
||||
## Examples
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -14,21 +14,21 @@ it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Options
|
||||
|
||||
Option Description
|
||||
-------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`-f` refer to shell functions
|
||||
`-n` remove the export property from any referenced `NAME`
|
||||
`-p` print all exported variables, with `-f`, print all exported functions - all in a format re-usable as input
|
||||
|Option|Description|
|
||||
|------|-----------|
|
||||
|`-f`|refer to shell functions|
|
||||
|`-n`|remove the export property from any referenced `NAME`|
|
||||
|`-p`|print all exported variables, with `-f`, print all exported functions - all in a format re-usable as input|
|
||||
|
||||
An argument of `--` disables further option processing.
|
||||
|
||||
### Return status
|
||||
|
||||
Status Reason
|
||||
-------- ---------------------------
|
||||
0 no error
|
||||
!=0 invalid option
|
||||
!=0 a given `NAME` is invalid
|
||||
|Status|Reason|
|
||||
|------|------|
|
||||
|0|no error|
|
||||
|!=0|invalid option|
|
||||
|!=0|a given `NAME` is invalid|
|
||||
|
||||
## Examples
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -32,22 +32,22 @@ external `kill` command of the operating system to
|
||||
|
||||
### Options
|
||||
|
||||
Option Description
|
||||
------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`-s SIGNAL` specifies the signal to send
|
||||
`-n SIGNALNUMBER` specifies the signal to send
|
||||
`-SIGNAL` specifies the signal to send
|
||||
`-l [SIGNAL...]` Lists supported/known signal numbers and their symbolic name. If `SIGNAL` is given, only list this signal, translated (if a number is given the symbolic name is printed, and vice versa)
|
||||
`-L [SIGNAL...]` Same as `-l [SIGNAL]` (compatiblity option)
|
||||
|Option|Description|
|
||||
|------|-----------|
|
||||
|`-s SIGNAL`|specifies the signal to send|
|
||||
|`-n SIGNALNUMBER`|specifies the signal to send|
|
||||
|`-SIGNAL`|specifies the signal to send|
|
||||
|`-l [SIGNAL...]`|Lists supported/known signal numbers and their symbolic name. If `SIGNAL` is given, only list this signal, translated (if a number is given the symbolic name is printed, and vice versa)|
|
||||
|`-L [SIGNAL...]`|Same as `-l [SIGNAL]` (compatiblity option)|
|
||||
|
||||
### Return status
|
||||
|
||||
Status Reason
|
||||
-------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
0 no error/success
|
||||
!=0 invalid option
|
||||
!=0 invalid signal specification
|
||||
!=0 error returned by the system function (e.g. insufficient permissions to send to a specific process)
|
||||
|Status|Reason|
|
||||
|------|------|
|
||||
|0|no error/success|
|
||||
|!=0|invalid option|
|
||||
|!=0|invalid signal specification|
|
||||
|!=0|error returned by the system function (e.g. insufficient permissions to send to a specific process)|
|
||||
|
||||
## Examples
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -41,12 +41,13 @@ command](../../syntax/ccmd/arithmetic_eval.md):
|
||||
$ echo "$a - $b - $?"
|
||||
4 - 2 - 0
|
||||
|
||||
<WRAP info> Remember that inside arithmetic evaluation contexts, all
|
||||
other expansions are processed as usual (from left-to-right), and the
|
||||
resulting text is evaluated as an arithmetic expression. Arithmetic
|
||||
already has a way to control precedence using parentheses, so it's very
|
||||
rare to need to nest arithmetic expansions within one another. It's
|
||||
used above only to illustrate how this precedence works. </WRAP>
|
||||
!!! INFO ""
|
||||
Remember that inside arithmetic evaluation contexts, all
|
||||
other expansions are processed as usual (from left-to-right), and the
|
||||
resulting text is evaluated as an arithmetic expression. Arithmetic
|
||||
already has a way to control precedence using parentheses, so it's very
|
||||
rare to need to nest arithmetic expansions within one another. It's
|
||||
used above only to illustrate how this precedence works.
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike `((`, being a simple command `let` has its own environment. In
|
||||
Bash, built-ins that can set variables process any arithmetic under
|
||||
|
||||
@ -19,15 +19,15 @@ target array must be a "normal" integer indexed array.
|
||||
`mapfile` returns success (0) unless an invalid option is given or the
|
||||
given array `ARRAY` is set readonly.
|
||||
|
||||
Option Description
|
||||
--------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`-c QUANTUM` Specifies the number of lines that have to be read between every call to the callback specified with `-C`. The default QUANTUM is 5000
|
||||
`-C CALLBACK` Specifies a callback. The string `CALLBACK` can be any shell code, the index of the array that will be assigned, and the line is appended at evaluation time.
|
||||
`-n COUNT` Reads at most `COUNT` lines, then terminates. If `COUNT` is 0, then all lines are read (default).
|
||||
`-O ORIGIN` Starts populating the given array `ARRAY` at the index `ORIGIN` rather than clearing it and starting at index 0.
|
||||
`-s COUNT` Discards the first `COUNT` lines read.
|
||||
`-t` Remove any trailing newline from a line read, before it is assigned to an array element.
|
||||
`-u FD` Read from filedescriptor `FD` rather than standard input.
|
||||
|Option|Description|
|
||||
|------|-----------|
|
||||
|`-c QUANTUM`|Specifies the number of lines that have to be read between every call to the callback specified with `-C`. The default QUANTUM is 5000|
|
||||
|`-C CALLBACK`|Specifies a callback. The string `CALLBACK` can be any shell code, the index of the array that will be assigned, and the line is appended at evaluation time.|
|
||||
|`-n COUNT`|Reads at most `COUNT` lines, then terminates. If `COUNT` is 0, then all lines are read (default).|
|
||||
|`-O ORIGIN`|Starts populating the given array `ARRAY` at the index `ORIGIN` rather than clearing it and starting at index 0.|
|
||||
|`-s COUNT`|Discards the first `COUNT` lines read.|
|
||||
|`-t`|Remove any trailing newline from a line read, before it is assigned to an array element.|
|
||||
|`-u FD`|Read from filedescriptor `FD` rather than standard input.|
|
||||
|
||||
While `mapfile` isn't a common or portable shell feature, it's
|
||||
functionality will be familiar to many programmers. Almost all
|
||||
|
||||
@ -20,18 +20,17 @@ If `<NAME...>` is given, the line is word-split using
|
||||
`<NAME>`. The remaining words are all assigned to the last `<NAME>` if
|
||||
more words than variable names are present.
|
||||
|
||||
<WRAP center round info 90%> If no `<NAME>` is given, the whole line
|
||||
read (without performing word-splitting!) is assigned to the shell
|
||||
variable [REPLY](../../syntax/shellvars.md#REPLY). Then, `REPLY` really contains
|
||||
the line as it was read, without stripping pre- and postfix spaces and
|
||||
other things!
|
||||
!!! INFO
|
||||
If no `<NAME>` is given, the whole line
|
||||
read (without performing word-splitting!) is assigned to the shell
|
||||
variable [REPLY](../../syntax/shellvars.md#REPLY). Then, `REPLY` really contains
|
||||
the line as it was read, without stripping pre- and postfix spaces and
|
||||
other things!
|
||||
|
||||
while read -r; do
|
||||
printf '"%s"\n' "$REPLY"
|
||||
done <<<" a line with prefix and postfix space "
|
||||
|
||||
</WRAP>
|
||||
|
||||
If a timeout is given, or if the shell variable
|
||||
[TMOUT](../../syntax/shellvars.md#TMOUT) is set, it is counted from initially
|
||||
waiting for input until the completion of input (i.e. until the complete
|
||||
@ -39,19 +38,19 @@ line is read). That means the timeout can occur during input, too.
|
||||
|
||||
### Options
|
||||
|
||||
Option Description
|
||||
---------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`-a <ARRAY>` read the data word-wise into the specified array `<ARRAY>` instead of normal variables
|
||||
`-d <DELIM>` recognize `<DELIM>` as data-end, rather than `<newline>`
|
||||
`-e` on interactive shells: use Bash's readline interface to read the data. Since version 5.1-alpha, this can also be used on specified file descriptors using `-u`
|
||||
`-i <STRING>` preloads the input buffer with text from `<STRING>`, only works when Readline (`-e`) is used
|
||||
`-n <NCHARS>` reads `<NCHARS>` characters of input, then quits
|
||||
`-N <NCHARS>` reads `<NCHARS>` characters of input, *ignoring any delimiter*, then quits
|
||||
`-p <PROMPT>` the prompt string `<PROMPT>` is output (without a trailing automatic newline) before the read is performed
|
||||
`-r` raw input - **disables** interpretion of **backslash escapes** and **line-continuation** in the read data
|
||||
`-s` secure input - don't echo input if on a terminal (passwords!)
|
||||
`-t <TIMEOUT>` wait for data `<TIMEOUT>` seconds, then quit (exit code 1). Fractional seconds ("5.33") are allowed since Bash 4. A value of 0 immediately returns and indicates if data is waiting in the exit code. Timeout is indicated by an exit code greater than 128. If timeout arrives before data is read completely (before end-of-line), the partial data is saved.
|
||||
`-u <FD>` use the filedescriptor number `<FD>` rather than `stdin` (0)
|
||||
|Option|Description|
|
||||
|------|-----------|
|
||||
|`-a <ARRAY>`|read the data word-wise into the specified array `<ARRAY>` instead of normal variables|
|
||||
|`-d <DELIM>`|recognize `<DELIM>` as data-end, rather than `<newline>`|
|
||||
|`-e`|on interactive shells: use Bash's readline interface to read the data. Since version 5.1-alpha, this can also be used on specified file descriptors using `-u`|
|
||||
|`-i <STRING>`|preloads the input buffer with text from `<STRING>`, only works when Readline (`-e`) is used|
|
||||
|`-n <NCHARS>`|reads `<NCHARS>` characters of input, then quits|
|
||||
|`-N <NCHARS>`|reads `<NCHARS>` characters of input, *ignoring any delimiter*, then quits|
|
||||
|`-p <PROMPT>`|the prompt string `<PROMPT>` is output (without a trailing automatic newline) before the read is performed|
|
||||
|`-r`|raw input - **disables** interpretion of **backslash escapes** and **line-continuation** in the read data|
|
||||
|`-s`|secure input - don't echo input if on a terminal (passwords!)|
|
||||
|`-t <TIMEOUT>`|wait for data `<TIMEOUT>` seconds, then quit (exit code 1). Fractional seconds ("5.33") are allowed since Bash 4. A value of 0 immediately returns and indicates if data is waiting in the exit code. Timeout is indicated by an exit code greater than 128. If timeout arrives before data is read completely (before end-of-line), the partial data is saved.|
|
||||
|`-u <FD>`|use the filedescriptor number `<FD>` rather than `stdin` (0)|
|
||||
|
||||
When both, `-a <ARRAY>` and a variable name `<NAME>` is given, then the
|
||||
array is set, but not the variable.
|
||||
@ -61,38 +60,35 @@ Of course it's valid to set individual array elements without using
|
||||
|
||||
read MYARRAY[5]
|
||||
|
||||
<WRAP center round important 90%>
|
||||
!!! WARNING
|
||||
Reading into array elements using the syntax above **may cause [pathname
|
||||
expansion](../../syntax/expansion/globs.md) to occur**.
|
||||
|
||||
Reading into array elements using the syntax above **may cause [pathname
|
||||
expansion](../../syntax/expansion/globs.md) to occur**.
|
||||
|
||||
Example: You are in a directory with a file named `x1`, and you want to
|
||||
read into an array `x`, index `1` with
|
||||
Example: You are in a directory with a file named `x1`, and you want to
|
||||
read into an array `x`, index `1` with
|
||||
|
||||
read x[1]
|
||||
|
||||
then pathname expansion will expand to the filename `x1` and break your
|
||||
processing!
|
||||
then pathname expansion will expand to the filename `x1` and break your
|
||||
processing!
|
||||
|
||||
Even worse, if `nullglob` is set, your array/index will disappear.
|
||||
Even worse, if `nullglob` is set, your array/index will disappear.
|
||||
|
||||
To avoid this, either **disable pathname expansion** or **quote** the
|
||||
array name and index:
|
||||
To avoid this, either **disable pathname expansion** or **quote** the
|
||||
array name and index:
|
||||
|
||||
read 'x[1]'
|
||||
|
||||
</WRAP>
|
||||
|
||||
### Return status
|
||||
|
||||
Status Reason
|
||||
-------- ---------------------------------------------------
|
||||
0 no error
|
||||
0 error when assigning to a read-only variable [^1]
|
||||
2 invalid option
|
||||
>128 timeout (see `-t`)
|
||||
!=0 invalid filedescriptor supplied to `-u`
|
||||
!=0 end-of-file reached
|
||||
|Status|Reason|
|
||||
|------|------|
|
||||
|0|no error|
|
||||
|0|error when assigning to a read-only variable [^1]|
|
||||
|2|invalid option|
|
||||
|>128|timeout (see `-t`)|
|
||||
|!=0|invalid filedescriptor supplied to `-u`|
|
||||
|!=0|end-of-file reached|
|
||||
|
||||
### read without -r
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ The code is a number between 0 and 255, where the part from 126 to 255
|
||||
is reserved to be used by the Bash shell directly or for special
|
||||
purposes, like reporting a termination by a signal:
|
||||
|
||||
Code Description
|
||||
--------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
0 success
|
||||
1-255 failure (in general)
|
||||
126 the requested command (file) can't be executed (but was found)
|
||||
127 command (file) not found
|
||||
128 according to ABS it's used to report an invalid argument to the exit builtin, but I wasn't able to verify that in the source code of Bash (see code 255)
|
||||
128 + N the shell was terminated by the signal N (also used like this by various other programs)
|
||||
255 wrong argument to the exit builtin (see code 128)
|
||||
|Code|Description|
|
||||
|----|-----------|
|
||||
|0|success|
|
||||
|1-255|failure (in general)|
|
||||
|126|the requested command (file) can't be executed (but was found)|
|
||||
|127|command (file) not found|
|
||||
|128|according to ABS it's used to report an invalid argument to the exit builtin, but I wasn't able to verify that in the source code of Bash (see code 255)|
|
||||
|128+N|the shell was terminated by the signal N (also used like this by various other programs)|
|
||||
|255|wrong argument to the exit builtin (see code 128)|
|
||||
|
||||
The lower codes 0 to 125 are not reserved and may be used for whatever
|
||||
the program likes to report. A value of **0 means successful**
|
||||
@ -56,85 +56,51 @@ negation (`! pipeline`).
|
||||
|
||||
### Misc
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
test bash\ bash\ zsh 5.0.2\ ksh93\ mksh\ posh\ dash\ busybox\ heirloom\
|
||||
4.2.45 (POSIX) (emulate ksh) 93v- 2013-03-18 R44 2013/02/24 0.11 0.5.7.3 1.2.1 050706
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- --------- --------------- ----------------- ---------------- ------- --------- ---------- -----------
|
||||
`` :; : `false` `echo $? >&2` `` 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
|
||||
|test|bash 4.2.45|bash (POSIX)|zsh 5.0.2 (emulate ksh)|ksh93 93v- 2013-03-18|mksh R44 2013/02/24|posh 0.11|dash 0.5.7.3|busybox 1.2.1|heirloom 050706|
|
||||
|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|
|
||||
|<pre>:; : \`false\` \`echo $? >&2\`</pre>|1|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|1|
|
||||
|<pre>false; eval; echo $?</pre>|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|1|0|
|
||||
|<pre>x=\`false\` eval echo $?</pre>|1|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|1|
|
||||
|<pre>eval echo \$? <&0\`false\`</pre>|1|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|1|
|
||||
|<pre>while :; do ! break; done; echo $?</pre>|1|1|1|1|0|0|1|1|-|
|
||||
|<pre>false; :| echo $?</pre><br>[discussion](https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2010-09/msg00009.html)|1|1|1|0|1|1|1|1|0|
|
||||
|<pre>(exit 2); for x in "\`exit 3\`"; do echo $?; done</pre>|3|3|3|3|2|2|0|0|3|
|
||||
|
||||
`false; eval; echo $?` 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
|
||||
|
||||
`` x=`false` eval echo \$? `` 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
|
||||
|
||||
`` eval echo \$? <&0`false` `` 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
|
||||
|
||||
`while :; do ! break; done; echo $?` 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 -
|
||||
|
||||
[discussion](https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bash/2010-09/msg00009.html)`false; : | echo $?` 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
|
||||
|
||||
`` (exit 2); for x in "`exit 3`"; do echo $?; done `` 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 3
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
### functions
|
||||
|
||||
Measuring side-effects during the function call, during return, and
|
||||
transparency of the return builtin.
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
test bash bash\ zsh\ ksh93 mksh posh dash busybox heirloom
|
||||
(POSIX) (emulate ksh)
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------- ------ --------- --------------- ------- ------ ------ ------ --------- ----------
|
||||
`` f() { echo $?; }; :; f `false` `` 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
|
||||
|
||||
`f() { return; }; false; f; echo $?` 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
|
||||
|
||||
`f() { return $?; }; false; f; echo $?` 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|
||||
|
||||
`f() { ! return; }; f; echo $?` 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 -
|
||||
|
||||
`f() { ! return; }; false; f; echo $?` 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 -
|
||||
|
||||
`` f() { return; }; x=`false` f; echo $? `` 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
|
||||
|
||||
`` f() { return; }; f <&0`false`; echo $? `` 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
|
||||
|
||||
`` f() { x=`false` return; }; f; echo $? `` 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
|
||||
|
||||
`` f() { return <&0`false`; }; f; echo $? `` 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
|
||||
|
||||
`` f() { x=`false` return <&0`false`; }; f; echo $? `` 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|test|bash|bash<br>(POSIX)|zsh<br>(emulate ksh)|ksh93|mksh|posh|dash|busybox|heirloom
|
||||
|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|
|
||||
|<pre>f() { echo $?; }; :; f \`false\`</pre>|1|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|1|
|
||||
|<pre>f() { return; }; false; f; echo $?</pre>|1|1|1|0|1|1|1|1|1|
|
||||
|<pre>f() { return $?; }; false; f; echo $?</pre>|1|1|1|1|1|1|1|1|1|
|
||||
|<pre>f() { ! return; }; f; echo $?</pre>|0|0|1|0|0|0|1|1|-|
|
||||
|<pre>f() { ! return; }; false; f; echo $?</pre>|1|1|0|0|1|1|0|0|-|
|
||||
|<pre>f() { return; }; x=\`false\` f; echo $?</pre>|1|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|0|
|
||||
|<pre>f() { return; }; f <&0\`false\`; echo $?</pre>|1|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|1|
|
||||
|<pre>f() { x=\`false\` return; }; f; echo $?</pre>|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|0|1|
|
||||
|<pre>f() { return <&0\`false\`; }; f; echo $?</pre>|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|0|1|
|
||||
|<pre>f() { x=\`false\` return <&0\`false\`; }; f; echo $?</pre>|1|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|1|
|
||||
|
||||
### case..esac
|
||||
|
||||
Statuses measured within the command and after, with matching and
|
||||
non-matching patterns.
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
test bash bash\ zsh\ ksh93 mksh posh dash busybox heirloom
|
||||
(POSIX) (emulate ksh)
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------- ------ --------- --------------- ------- ------ ------ ------ --------- ----------
|
||||
`(exit 2); case x in x) echo $?;; esac` 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2
|
||||
|
||||
`` (exit 2); case `exit 3`x in x) echo $?;; esac `` 3 3 0 3 2 2 0 0 3
|
||||
|
||||
`` (exit 2); case x in `exit 4`x) echo $?;; esac `` 4 4 4 4 2 2 0 0 4
|
||||
|
||||
`` (exit 2); case `exit 3`x in `exit 4`x) echo $?;; esac `` 4 4 4 4 2 2 0 0 4
|
||||
|
||||
`(exit 2); case x in x);; esac; echo $?` 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
|
||||
|
||||
`(exit 2); case x in "");; esac; echo $?` 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
|
||||
|
||||
`` (exit 2); case `exit 3`x in x);; esac; echo $? `` 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3
|
||||
|
||||
`` (exit 2); case `exit 3`x in "");; esac; echo $? `` 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3
|
||||
|
||||
`` (exit 2); case x in `exit 4`x);; esac; echo $? `` 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4
|
||||
|
||||
`` (exit 2); case x in `exit 4`);; esac; echo $? `` 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 4
|
||||
|
||||
`` (exit 2); case `exit 3`x in `exit 4`);; esac; echo $? `` 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 4
|
||||
|
||||
`` (exit 2); case `exit 3`x in `exit 4`x);; esac; echo $? `` 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|test|bash|bash<br>(POSIX)|zsh<br>(emulate ksh)|ksh93|mksh|posh|dash|busybox|heirloom|
|
||||
|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|
|
||||
|<pre>(exit 2); case x in x) echo $?;; esac</pre>|2|2|0|2|2|2|0|0|2|
|
||||
|<pre> (exit 2); case \`exit 3\`x in x) echo $?;; esac</pre>|3|3|0|3|2|2|0|0|3|
|
||||
|<pre> (exit 2); case x in \`exit 4\`x) echo $?;; esac</pre>|4|4|4|4|2|2|0|0|4|
|
||||
|<pre> (exit 2); case \`exit 3\`x in \`exit 4\`x) echo $?;; esac</pre>|4|4|4|4|2|2|0|0|4|
|
||||
|<pre>(exit 2); case x in x);; esac; echo $?</pre>|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|2|
|
||||
|<pre>(exit 2); case x in "");; esac; echo $?</pre>|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|2|
|
||||
|<pre>(exit 2); case \`exit 3\`x in x);; esac; echo $?</pre>|0|0|0|3|0|0|0|0|3|
|
||||
|<pre>(exit 2); case \`exit 3\`x in "");; esac; echo $?</pre>|0|0|0|3|0|0|0|0|3|
|
||||
|<pre>(exit 2); case x in \`exit 4\`x);; esac; echo $?</pre>|0|0|0|4|0|0|0|0|4|
|
||||
|<pre>(exit 2); case x in \`exit 4\`);; esac; echo $?</pre>|0|0|4|4|0|0|0|0|4|
|
||||
|<pre>(exit 2); case \`exit 3\`x in \`exit 4\`);; esac; echo $?</pre>|0|0|4|4|0|0|0|0|4|
|
||||
|<pre> (exit 2); case \`exit 3\`x in \`exit 4\`x);; esac; echo $?</pre>|0|0|0|4|0|0|0|0|4|
|
||||
|
||||
@ -61,8 +61,9 @@ they are succesfully locked, and can operate without colliding. Setting
|
||||
the timestamp is similar: One step to check the timespamp, a second step
|
||||
to set the timestamp.
|
||||
|
||||
<WRAP center round tip 60%> <u>**Conclusion:**</u> We need an
|
||||
operation that does the check and the locking in one step. </WRAP>
|
||||
!!! NOTE ""
|
||||
<u>**Conclusion:**</u> We need an
|
||||
operation that does the check and the locking in one step.
|
||||
|
||||
A simple way to get that is to create a **lock directory** - with the
|
||||
mkdir command. It will:
|
||||
|
||||
@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ There are four basic operation modes to *list*, *read*, *write* and
|
||||
*copy* archives. They're switched with combinations of `-r` and `-w`
|
||||
command line options:
|
||||
|
||||
Mode RW-Options
|
||||
------- -----------------
|
||||
List *no RW-options*
|
||||
Read `-r`
|
||||
Write `-w`
|
||||
Copy `-r -w`
|
||||
|Mode|RW-Options|
|
||||
|----|----------|
|
||||
|List|*no RW-options*|
|
||||
|Read|`-r`|
|
||||
|Write|`-w`|
|
||||
|Copy|`-r -w`|
|
||||
|
||||
#### List
|
||||
|
||||
@ -99,14 +99,14 @@ creates `ustar` if no options are specified).
|
||||
|
||||
The following archive formats are supported (Berkeley implementation):
|
||||
|
||||
--------- ----------------------------
|
||||
ustar POSIX TAR format (default)
|
||||
cpio POSIX CPIO format
|
||||
tar classic BSD TAR format
|
||||
bcpio old binary CPIO format
|
||||
sv4cpio SVR4 CPIO format
|
||||
sv4crc SVR4 CPIO format with CRC
|
||||
--------- ----------------------------
|
||||
| | |
|
||||
|--|--|
|
||||
|ustar|POSIX TAR format (default)|
|
||||
|cpio|POSIX CPIO format|
|
||||
|tar|classic BSD TAR format|
|
||||
|bcpio|old binary CPIO format|
|
||||
|sv4cpio|SVR4 CPIO format|
|
||||
|sv4crc|SVR4 CPIO format with CRC|
|
||||
|
||||
Berkeley `pax` supports options `-z` and `-j`, similar to GNU `tar`, to
|
||||
filter archive files through GZIP/BZIP2.
|
||||
@ -337,13 +337,13 @@ in your `~/.bashrc` can be useful :-D.
|
||||
Here is a quick table comparing (GNU) `tar` and `pax` to help you to
|
||||
make the switch:
|
||||
|
||||
TAR PAX Notes
|
||||
------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`tar xzvf file.tar.gz` `pax -rvz -f file.tar.gz` `-z` is an extension, POSIXly: `gunzip <file.tar.gz | pax -rv`
|
||||
`tar czvf archive.tar.gz path ...` `pax -wvz -f archive.tar.gz path ...` `-z` is an extension, POSIXly: `pax -wv path | gzip > archive.tar.gz`
|
||||
`tar xjvf file.tar.bz2` `bunzip2 <file.tar.bz2 | pax -rv`
|
||||
`tar cjvf archive.tar.bz2 path ...` `pax -wv path | bzip2 > archive.tar.bz2`
|
||||
`tar tzvf file.tar.gz` `pax -vz -f file.tar.gz` `-z` is an extension, POSIXly: `gunzip <file.tar.gz | pax -v`
|
||||
|TAR|PAX|Notes|
|
||||
|---|---|-----|
|
||||
|`tar xzvf file.tar.gz`|`pax -rvz -f file.tar.gz`|`-z` is an extension, POSIXly: `gunzip <file.tar.gz | pax -rv`|
|
||||
|`tar czvf archive.tar.gz path ...`|`pax -wvz -f archive.tar.gz path ...`|`-z` is an extension, POSIXly: `pax -wv path | gzip > archive.tar.gz`|
|
||||
|`tar xjvf file.tar.bz2`|`bunzip2 <file.tar.bz2 | pax -rv`|
|
||||
|`tar cjvf archive.tar.bz2 path ...`|`pax -wv path | bzip2 > archive.tar.bz2`|
|
||||
|`tar tzvf file.tar.gz`|`pax -vz -f file.tar.gz`|`-z` is an extension, POSIXly: `gunzip <file.tar.gz | pax -v`|
|
||||
|
||||
`pax` might not create ustar (`tar`) archives by default but its own pax
|
||||
format, add `-x ustar` if you want to ensure pax creates tar archives!
|
||||
|
||||
@ -69,12 +69,13 @@ a comment. The shebang is for the operating system, not for the shell.
|
||||
Programs that don't ignore such lines, may not work as shebang driven
|
||||
interpreters.
|
||||
|
||||
<WRAP center round important 60%> <u>**Attention:**</u>When the
|
||||
specified interpreter is unavailable or not executable (permissions),
|
||||
you usually get a "`bad interpreter`" error message., If you get
|
||||
nothing and it fails, check the shebang. Older Bash versions will
|
||||
respond with a "`no such file or directory`" error for a nonexistant
|
||||
interpreter specified by the shebang. </WRAP>
|
||||
!!! WARNING
|
||||
<u>**Attention:**</u>When the
|
||||
specified interpreter is unavailable or not executable (permissions),
|
||||
you usually get a "`bad interpreter`" error message., If you get
|
||||
nothing and it fails, check the shebang. Older Bash versions will
|
||||
respond with a "`no such file or directory`" error for a nonexistant
|
||||
interpreter specified by the shebang.
|
||||
|
||||
**Additional note:** When you specify `#!/bin/sh` as shebang and that's
|
||||
a link to a Bash, then Bash will run in POSIX(r) mode! See:
|
||||
@ -130,16 +131,16 @@ and system-variable names are usually all in UPPERCASE. However, you
|
||||
should avoid naming your variables any of the following (incomplete
|
||||
list!):
|
||||
|
||||
---------------- ------------- ---------------- --------------- ------------------ -----------------
|
||||
`BASH` `BASH_ARGC` `BASH_ARGV` `BASH_LINENO` `BASH_SOURCE` `BASH_VERSINFO`
|
||||
`BASH_VERSION` `COLUMNS` `DIRSTACK` `DISPLAY` `EDITOR` `EUID`
|
||||
`GROUPS` `HISTFILE` `HISTFILESIZE` `HISTSIZE` `HOME` `HOSTNAME`
|
||||
`IFS` `LANG` `LANGUAGE` `LC_ALL` `LINES` `LOGNAME`
|
||||
`LS_COLORS` `MACHTYPE` `MAILCHECK` `OLDPWD` `OPTERR` `OPTIND`
|
||||
`OSTYPE` `PATH` `PIPESTATUS` `PPID` `PROMPT_COMMAND` `PS1`
|
||||
`PS2` `PS4` `PS3` `PWD` `SHELL` `SHELLOPTS`
|
||||
`SHLVL` `TERM` `UID` `USER` `USERNAME` `XAUTHORITY`
|
||||
---------------- ------------- ---------------- --------------- ------------------ -----------------
|
||||
| | | | | | |
|
||||
|--|--|--|--|--|--|
|
||||
|`BASH`|`BASH_ARGC`|`BASH_ARGV`|`BASH_LINENO`|`BASH_SOURCE`|`BASH_VERSINFO`|
|
||||
|`BASH_VERSION`|`COLUMNS`|`DIRSTACK`|`DISPLAY`|`EDITOR`|`EUID`|
|
||||
|`GROUPS`|`HISTFILE`|`HISTFILESIZE`|`HISTSIZE`|`HOME`|`HOSTNAME`|
|
||||
|`IFS`|`LANG`|`LANGUAGE`|`LC_ALL`|`LINES`|`LOGNAME`|
|
||||
|`LS_COLORS`|`MACHTYPE`|`MAILCHECK`|`OLDPWD`|`OPTERR`|`OPTIND`|
|
||||
|`OSTYPE`|`PATH`|`PIPESTATUS`|`PPID`|`PROMPT_COMMAND`|`PS1`|
|
||||
|`PS2`|`PS4`|`PS3`|`PWD`|`SHELL`|`SHELLOPTS`|
|
||||
|`SHLVL`|`TERM`|`UID`|`USER`|`USERNAME`|`XAUTHORITY`|
|
||||
|
||||
This list is incomplete. **The safest way is to use all-lowercase
|
||||
variable names.**
|
||||
|
||||
@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ for example
|
||||
When you need the **content** of a variable, you prefix its name with
|
||||
**a dollar-sign**, like
|
||||
|
||||
- echo \"The used picture is: \$picture\"
|
||||
echo "The used picture is: $picture"
|
||||
|
||||
#### Whitespace
|
||||
|
||||
@ -154,12 +154,12 @@ Let's define an example variable containing text with spaces:
|
||||
|
||||
example="Hello world"
|
||||
|
||||
Used form result number of words
|
||||
-------------- --------------- -----------------
|
||||
`$example` `Hello world` 2
|
||||
`"$example"` `Hello world` 1
|
||||
`\$example` `$example` 1
|
||||
`'$example'` `$example` 1
|
||||
|Used form|result|number of words|
|
||||
|---------|------|---------------|
|
||||
|`$example`|`Hello world`|2|
|
||||
|`"$example"`|`Hello world`|1|
|
||||
|`\$example`|`$example`|1|
|
||||
|`'$example'`|`$example`|1|
|
||||
|
||||
If you use parameter expansion, you **must** use the **name** (`PATH`)
|
||||
of the referenced variables/parameters. i.e. **not** (`$PATH`):
|
||||
|
||||
@ -89,37 +89,23 @@ terminals.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cursor handling
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
ANSI terminfo equivalent Description
|
||||
----------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`[ <X> ; <Y> H`\ `cup <X> <Y>` Home-positioning to `X` and `Y` coordinates\
|
||||
`[ <X> ; <Y> f` :!: it seems that ANSI uses 1-1 as home while `tput` uses 0-0
|
||||
|
||||
`[ H` `home` Move cursor to home position (0-0)
|
||||
|
||||
`7` `sc` Save current cursor position
|
||||
|
||||
`8` `rc` Restore saved cursor position
|
||||
|
||||
:?: most likely a normal code like `\b` `cub1` move left one space (backspace)
|
||||
|
||||
VT100 `[ ? 25 l` `civis` make cursor invisible
|
||||
|
||||
VT100 `[ ? 25 h` `cvvis` make cursor visible
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|ANSI | terminfo equivalent | Description |
|
||||
|----------------------------------------|---------------------|-------------|
|
||||
|`[ <X> ; <Y> H`<br>`[ <X> ; <Y> f`|`cup <X> <Y>`|Home-positioning to `X` and `Y` coordinates<br>:!: it seems that ANSI uses 1-1 as home while `tput` uses 0-0|
|
||||
|`[ H`|`home`|Move cursor to home position (0-0)|
|
||||
|`7`|`sc`|Save current cursor position|
|
||||
|`8`|`rc`|Restore saved cursor position|
|
||||
|:?: most likely a normal code like `\b`|`cub1`|move left one space (backspace)|
|
||||
|VT100 `[ ? 25 l`|`civis`|make cursor invisible|
|
||||
|VT100 `[ ? 25 h`|`cvvis`|make cursor visible|
|
||||
|
||||
### Erasing text
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
ANSI terminfo equivalent Description
|
||||
--------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`[ K`\ `el` **Clear line** from current cursor position **to end** of line
|
||||
`[ 0 K`
|
||||
|
||||
`[ 1 K` `el1` **Clear line from beginning** to current cursor position
|
||||
|
||||
`[ 2 K` `el2`:?: **Clear whole line** (cursor position unchanged)
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|ANSI |terminfo equivalent |Description|
|
||||
|---------|---------------------|-----------|
|
||||
|`[ K`<br>`[ 0 K`|`el`|**Clear line** from current cursor position **to end** of line|
|
||||
|`[ 1 K`|`el1`|**Clear line from beginning** to current cursor position|
|
||||
|`[ 2 K`|`el2` :?:|**Clear whole line** (cursor position unchanged)|
|
||||
|
||||
### General text attributes
|
||||
|
||||
@ -133,6 +119,7 @@ terminals.
|
||||
|`[ 5 m`|`blink`|Set "blink" attribute|
|
||||
|`[ 7 m`|`rev`|Set "reverse" attribute|
|
||||
|`[ 8 m`|`invis`|Set "hidden" attribute|
|
||||
|
||||
### Foreground coloring
|
||||
|
||||
|ANSI|terminfo equivalent|Description|
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- awk
|
||||
- csv
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# Using `awk` to deal with CSV that uses quoted/unquoted delimiters
|
||||
|
||||
---- dataentry snipplet ---- snipplet_tags : awk, csv
|
||||
LastUpdate_dt : 2010-07-31 Contributors : SiegX (IRC) type : snipplet
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
CSV files are a mess, yes.
|
||||
|
||||
Assume you have CSV files that use the comma as delimiter and quoted
|
||||
@ -21,11 +22,11 @@ Solution: Use the field separator `", "|^"|"$` for `awk`.
|
||||
|
||||
This is an OR-ed list of 3 possible separators:
|
||||
|
||||
-------- -----------------------------------------------
|
||||
`", "` matches the area between the datafields
|
||||
`^"` matches the area left of the first datafield
|
||||
`"$` matches the area right of the last data field
|
||||
-------- -----------------------------------------------
|
||||
| | |
|
||||
|--------|----------------------------------------------|
|
||||
|`", "` | matches the area between the datafields|
|
||||
|`^"` | matches the area left of the first datafield|
|
||||
|`"$` | matches the area right of the last data field|
|
||||
|
||||
You can tune these delimiters if you have other needs (for example if
|
||||
you don't have a space after the commas).
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- arguments
|
||||
- quoting
|
||||
- escape
|
||||
- quote
|
||||
- wrapper
|
||||
- generate
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# Generate code with own arguments properly quoted
|
||||
|
||||
---- dataentry snipplet ---- snipplet_tags: arguments, quoting,
|
||||
escaping, wrapper LastUpdate_dt: 2010-07-31 Contributors: Jan Schampera
|
||||
type: snipplet
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Keywords: arguments,escape,quote,wrapper,generate
|
||||
-------------- -----------------------------------------
|
||||
Contributor: self
|
||||
|
||||
There are situations where Bash code needs to generate Bash code. A
|
||||
script that writes out another script the user or cron may start, for
|
||||
example.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -52,47 +52,47 @@ For a more technical view what a parameter is and which types exist,
|
||||
|
||||
Looking for a specific syntax you saw, without knowing the name?
|
||||
|
||||
- [Simple usage](#simple_usage)
|
||||
- [Simple usage](#simple-usage)
|
||||
- `$PARAMETER`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER}`
|
||||
- [Indirection](#indirection)
|
||||
- `${!PARAMETER}`
|
||||
- [Case modification](#case_modification)
|
||||
- [Case modification](#case-modification)
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER^}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER^^}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER,}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER,,}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER~}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER~~}`
|
||||
- [Variable name expansion](#variable_name_expansion)
|
||||
- [Variable name expansion](#variable-name-expansion)
|
||||
- `${!PREFIX*}`
|
||||
- `${!PREFIX@}`
|
||||
- [Substring removal](#substring_removal) (also for **filename
|
||||
- [Substring removal](#substring-removal) (also for **filename
|
||||
manipulation**!)
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER#PATTERN}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER##PATTERN}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER%PATTERN}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER%%PATTERN}`
|
||||
- [Search and replace](#search_and_replace)
|
||||
- [Search and replace](#search-and-replace)
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER//PATTERN/STRING}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER/PATTERN}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER//PATTERN}`
|
||||
- [String length](#string_length)
|
||||
- [String length](#string-length)
|
||||
- `${#PARAMETER}`
|
||||
- [Substring expansion](#substring_expansion)
|
||||
- [Substring expansion](#substring-expansion)
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER:OFFSET}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}`
|
||||
- [Use a default value](#use_a_default_value)
|
||||
- [Use a default value](#use-a-default-value)
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER:-WORD}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER-WORD}`
|
||||
- [Assign a default value](#assign_a_default_value)
|
||||
- [Assign a default value](#assign-a-default-value)
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER:=WORD}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER=WORD}`
|
||||
- [Use an alternate value](#use_an_alternate_value)
|
||||
- [Use an alternate value](#use-an-alternate-value)
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER:+WORD}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER+WORD}`
|
||||
- [Display error if null or unset](#display_error_if_null_or_unset)
|
||||
- [Display error if null or unset](#display-error-if-null-or-unset)
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER:?WORD}`
|
||||
- `${PARAMETER?WORD}`
|
||||
|
||||
@ -226,14 +226,11 @@ The `^` operator modifies the first character to uppercase, the `,`
|
||||
operator to lowercase. When using the double-form (`^^` and `,,`), all
|
||||
characters are converted.
|
||||
|
||||
<wrap center round info 60%>
|
||||
|
||||
The (**currently undocumented**) operators `~` and `~~` reverse the case
|
||||
of the given text (in `PARAMETER`).`~` reverses the case of first letter
|
||||
of words in the variable while `~~` reverses case for all. Thanks to
|
||||
`Bushmills` and `geirha` on the Freenode IRC channel for this finding.
|
||||
|
||||
</wrap>
|
||||
!!! INFO
|
||||
The (**currently undocumented**) operators `~` and `~~` reverse the case
|
||||
of the given text (in `PARAMETER`).`~` reverses the case of first letter
|
||||
of words in the variable while `~~` reverses case for all. Thanks to
|
||||
`Bushmills` and `geirha` on the Freenode IRC channel for this finding.
|
||||
|
||||
<u>**Example: Rename all `*.txt` filenames to lowercase**</u>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -270,9 +267,8 @@ Assume: `array=(This is some Text)`
|
||||
- => `This Is Some Text`
|
||||
- `echo "${array[@]^^}"`
|
||||
- => `THIS IS SOME TEXT`
|
||||
|
||||
* ''echo "${array[2]^^}"''
|
||||
* => ''SOME''
|
||||
- `echo "${array[2]^^}"`
|
||||
- => `SOME`
|
||||
|
||||
## Variable name expansion
|
||||
|
||||
@ -322,10 +318,10 @@ will try to remove the shortest text matching the pattern, while
|
||||
following examples to get the idea (matched text ~~marked striked~~,
|
||||
remember it will be removed!):
|
||||
|
||||
Syntax Result
|
||||
-------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`${MYSTRING#*in}` ~~Be liberal in~~ what you accept, and conservative in what you send
|
||||
`${MYSTRING##*in}` ~~Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative in~~ what you send
|
||||
|Syntax|Result|
|
||||
|------|------|
|
||||
|`${MYSTRING#*in}`|~~Be liberal in~~ what you accept, and conservative in what you send|
|
||||
|`${MYSTRING##*in}`|~~Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative in~~ what you send|
|
||||
|
||||
### From the end
|
||||
|
||||
@ -334,10 +330,10 @@ remember it will be removed!):
|
||||
In the second form everything will be the same, except that Bash now
|
||||
tries to match the pattern from the end of the string:
|
||||
|
||||
Syntax Result
|
||||
-------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`${MYSTRING%in*}` Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative ~~in what you send~~
|
||||
`${MYSTRING%%in*}` Be liberal ~~in what you accept, and conservative in what you send~~
|
||||
|Syntax|Result|
|
||||
|------|------|
|
||||
|`${MYSTRING%in*}`|Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative ~~in what you send~~|
|
||||
|`${MYSTRING%%in*}`|Be liberal ~~in what you accept, and conservative in what you send~~|
|
||||
|
||||
The second form nullifies variables that begin with `in`, by working
|
||||
from the end.
|
||||
@ -351,16 +347,16 @@ filename**. Just look at the following list with examples:
|
||||
|
||||
- **Get name without extension**
|
||||
- `${FILENAME%.*}`
|
||||
- => `bash_hackers.txt`
|
||||
- => <code>bash_hackers<del>.txt</del></code>
|
||||
- **Get extension**
|
||||
- `${FILENAME##*.}`
|
||||
- => `bash_hackers.txt`
|
||||
- => <code><del>bash_hackers.</del>txt</code>
|
||||
- **Get directory name**
|
||||
- `${PATHNAME%/*}`
|
||||
- => `/home/bash/bash_hackers.txt`
|
||||
- => <code>/home/bash<del>/bash_hackers.txt</del></code>
|
||||
- **Get filename**
|
||||
- `${PATHNAME##*/}`
|
||||
- => `/home/bash/bash_hackers.txt`
|
||||
- => <code><del>/home/bash/</del>bash_hackers.txt</code>
|
||||
|
||||
These are the syntaxes for filenames with a single extension. Depending
|
||||
on your needs, you might need to adjust shortest/longest match.
|
||||
@ -413,7 +409,7 @@ example string:
|
||||
${MYSTRING//conservative/happy}
|
||||
|
||||
=>
|
||||
`Be liberal in what you accept, and conservativehappy in what you send`
|
||||
<code>Be liberal in what you accept, and <del>conservative</del>happy in what you send</code>
|
||||
|
||||
Since there is only one "conservative" in that example, it really
|
||||
doesn't matter which of the two forms we use.
|
||||
@ -425,14 +421,14 @@ but let's substitute it with "by".
|
||||
|
||||
${MYSTRING/in/by}
|
||||
|
||||
=> `Be liberal inby what you accept, and conservative in what you send`
|
||||
<code>Be liberal <del>in</del>by what you accept, and conservative by what you send</code>
|
||||
|
||||
<u>**Second form: Substitute all occurrences**</u>
|
||||
|
||||
${MYSTRING//in/by}
|
||||
|
||||
=>
|
||||
`Be liberal inby what you accept, and conservative inby what you send`
|
||||
<code>Be liberal <del>in</del>by what you accept, and conservative <del>in</del>by what you send</code>
|
||||
|
||||
<u>**Anchoring**</u> Additionally you can "anchor" an
|
||||
expression: A `#` (hashmark) will indicate that your expression is
|
||||
@ -536,7 +532,7 @@ that the offset 0 is the first character:
|
||||
echo ${MYSTRING:35}
|
||||
|
||||
=>
|
||||
`<del>Be liberal in what you accept, and </del>conservative in what you send`
|
||||
<code><del>Be liberal in what you accept, and </del>conservative in what you send</code>
|
||||
|
||||
### Using Offset and Length
|
||||
|
||||
@ -545,7 +541,7 @@ In the second form we also give a length value:
|
||||
echo ${MYSTRING:35:12}
|
||||
|
||||
=>
|
||||
`<del>Be liberal in what you accept, and </del>conservative<del> in what you send</del>`
|
||||
<code><del>Be liberal in what you accept, and </del>conservative<del> in what you send</del></code>
|
||||
|
||||
### Negative Offset Value
|
||||
|
||||
@ -570,7 +566,7 @@ then:
|
||||
echo "${MYSTRING:11:-17}"
|
||||
|
||||
=>
|
||||
`<del>Be liberal </del>in what you accept, and conservative<del> in what you send</del>`
|
||||
<code><del>Be liberal </del>in what you accept, and conservative<del> in what you send</del></code>
|
||||
|
||||
This works since Bash 4.2-alpha, see also
|
||||
[bashchanges](../scripting/bashchanges.md).
|
||||
@ -823,9 +819,11 @@ Removing the first 6 characters from a text string:
|
||||
parameters plus the adjacent expansion are concatenated into a
|
||||
single argument. As a workaround, each expansion needs to be quoted
|
||||
separately. Unfortunately, this bug took a very long time to
|
||||
notice.`~ $ set -- a b c; x=foo; printf '<%s> ' "$@$x" "$*""$x" "$@""$x"
|
||||
notice.
|
||||
```
|
||||
~ $ set -- a b c; x=foo; printf '<%s> ' "$@$x" "$*""$x" "$@""$x"
|
||||
<a b cfoo> <a b cfoo> <a> <b> <cfoo>
|
||||
`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Almost all shells disagree about the treatment of an unquoted `$@`,
|
||||
`${arr[@]}`, `$*`, and `${arr[*]}` when
|
||||
@ -836,7 +834,9 @@ Removing the first 6 characters from a text string:
|
||||
are few good reasons to leave `IFS` set to null for more than the
|
||||
duration of a command or two, and even fewer to expand `$@` and `$*`
|
||||
unquoted, this should be a rare issue. **Always quote
|
||||
them**!`touch x 'y z'
|
||||
them**!
|
||||
```
|
||||
touch x 'y z'
|
||||
for sh in bb {{d,b}a,{m,}k,z}sh; do
|
||||
echo "$sh"
|
||||
"$sh" -s a 'b c' d \* </dev/fd/0
|
||||
@ -848,7 +848,9 @@ Removing the first 6 characters from a text string:
|
||||
printf "<%s> " $@
|
||||
echo
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
``bb
|
||||
```
|
||||
```
|
||||
bb
|
||||
<ab cd*>
|
||||
<ab cd*>
|
||||
dash
|
||||
@ -866,7 +868,8 @@ Removing the first 6 characters from a text string:
|
||||
zsh
|
||||
<a> <b c> <d> <x> <y z>
|
||||
<a> <b c> <d> <x> <y z>
|
||||
`When `IFS` is set to a non-null value, or unset, all shells behave
|
||||
```
|
||||
When `IFS` is set to a non-null value, or unset, all shells behave
|
||||
the same - first expanding into separate args, then applying
|
||||
pathname expansion and word-splitting to the results, except for
|
||||
zsh, which doesn't do pathname expansion in its default mode.
|
||||
@ -875,7 +878,9 @@ Removing the first 6 characters from a text string:
|
||||
the behavior of inserting delimiter characters from IFS in `$*`, and
|
||||
the way adjacent arguments are concatenated, when IFS is modified in
|
||||
the middle of expansion through
|
||||
side-effects.`for sh in bb {{d,b}a,po,{m,}k,z}sh; do
|
||||
side-effects.
|
||||
```
|
||||
for sh in bb {{d,b}a,po,{m,}k,z}sh; do
|
||||
printf '%-4s: ' "$sh"
|
||||
"$sh" </dev/fd/0
|
||||
done <<\EOF
|
||||
@ -885,14 +890,17 @@ Removing the first 6 characters from a text string:
|
||||
printf '<%s> ' ${*}${IFS=}${*}${IFS:=-}"${*}"
|
||||
echo
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
``bb : <a b cabc> <a-b-c>
|
||||
```
|
||||
```
|
||||
bb : <a b cabc> <a-b-c>
|
||||
dash: <a b cabc> <a-b-c>
|
||||
bash: <a> <b> <ca> <b> <c-a b c>
|
||||
posh: <a> <b> <ca b c> <a-b-c>
|
||||
mksh: <a> <b> <ca b c> <a-b-c>
|
||||
ksh : <a> <b> <ca> <b> <c> <a b c>
|
||||
zsh : <a> <b> <ca> <b> <c> <a-b-c>
|
||||
`ksh93 and mksh can additionally achieve this side effect (and
|
||||
```
|
||||
ksh93 and mksh can additionally achieve this side effect (and
|
||||
others) via the `${ cmds;}` expansion. I haven't yet tested every
|
||||
possible side-effect that can affect expansion halfway through
|
||||
expansion that way.
|
||||
@ -920,7 +928,8 @@ Removing the first 6 characters from a text string:
|
||||
if the first part is out of range, the second won't be evaluated.
|
||||
ksh93 and mksh always evaluate the subscript parts even if the
|
||||
parameter is unset.
|
||||
` $ bash -c 'n="y[\$(printf yo >&2)1]" m="y[\$(printf jo >&2)1]"; x=(); echo "${x[@]:n,6:m}"' # No output
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ bash -c 'n="y[\$(printf yo >&2)1]" m="y[\$(printf jo >&2)1]"; x=(); echo "${x[@]:n,6:m}"' # No output
|
||||
$ bash -c 'n="y[\$(printf yo >&2)1]" m="y[\$(printf jo >&2)1]"; x=([5]=hi); echo "${x[@]:n,6:m}"'
|
||||
yo
|
||||
$ bash -c 'n="y[\$(printf yo >&2)1]" m="y[\$(printf jo >&2)1]"; x=([6]=hi); echo "${x[@]:n,6:m}"'
|
||||
@ -929,7 +938,7 @@ Removing the first 6 characters from a text string:
|
||||
yojo
|
||||
$ bash -c 'n="y[\$(printf yo >&2)1]" m="y[\$(printf jo >&2)1]"; x=12345; echo "${x:n,6:m}"'
|
||||
yo
|
||||
`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Quote Nesting
|
||||
|
||||
@ -937,26 +946,30 @@ Removing the first 6 characters from a text string:
|
||||
expansion that expands to multiple words, and nesting such
|
||||
expansions, not all combinations of nested quoting are possible.
|
||||
|
||||
# Bash
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Bash
|
||||
$ typeset -a a=(meh bleh blerg) b
|
||||
$ IFS=e
|
||||
$ printf "<%s> " "${b[@]-"${a[@]}" "${a[@]}"}"; echo # The entire PE is quoted so Bash considers the inner quotes redundant.
|
||||
<meh> <bleh> <blerg meh> <bleh> <blerg>
|
||||
<meh> <bleh> <blerg meh> <bleh> <blerg>
|
||||
$ printf "<%s> " "${b[@]-${a[@]} ${a[@]}}"; echo # The outer quotes cause the inner expansions to be considered quoted.
|
||||
<meh> <bleh> <blerg meh> <bleh> <blerg>
|
||||
<meh> <bleh> <blerg meh> <bleh> <blerg>
|
||||
$ b=(meep beep)
|
||||
$ printf "<%s> " "${b[@]-"${a[@]}" "${a[@]}"}" "${b[@]-${a[@]} ${a[@]}}"; echo # Again no surprises. Outer quotes quote everything recursively.
|
||||
<meep> <beep> <meep> <beep>
|
||||
<meep> <beep> <meep> <beep>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now lets see what can happen if we leave the outside unquoted.
|
||||
|
||||
# Bash
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Bash
|
||||
$ typeset -a a=(meh bleh blerg) b
|
||||
$ IFS=e
|
||||
$ printf "<%s> " ${b[@]-"${a[@]}" "${a[@]}"}; echo # Inner quotes make inner expansions quoted.
|
||||
<meh> <bleh> <blerg meh> <bleh> <blerg>
|
||||
<meh> <bleh> <blerg meh> <bleh> <blerg>
|
||||
$ printf "<%s> " ${b[@]-${a[@]} ${a[@]}}; echo' # No quotes at all wordsplits / globs, like you'd expect.
|
||||
<m> <h> <bl> <h> <bl> <rg m> <h> <bl> <h> <bl> <rg>
|
||||
<m> <h> <bl> <h> <bl> <rg m> <h> <bl> <h> <bl> <rg>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This all might be intuitive, and is the most common implementation, but
|
||||
this design sucks for a number of reasons. For one, it means Bash makes
|
||||
|
||||
@ -233,14 +233,14 @@ A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for
|
||||
this instance of Bash. The values assigned to the array members are as
|
||||
follows:
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------- ----------------------------------------
|
||||
BASH_VERSINFO\[0\] The major version number (the release)
|
||||
BASH_VERSINFO\[1\] The minor version number (the version)
|
||||
BASH_VERSINFO\[2\] The patch level
|
||||
BASH_VERSINFO\[3\] The build version
|
||||
BASH_VERSINFO\[4\] The release status (e.g., beta1)
|
||||
BASH_VERSINFO\[5\] The value of `MACHTYPE`
|
||||
-------------------- ----------------------------------------
|
||||
|--|--|
|
||||
|--|--|
|
||||
|BASH_VERSINFO\[0\]|The major version number (the release)|
|
||||
|BASH_VERSINFO\[1\]|The minor version number (the version)|
|
||||
|BASH_VERSINFO\[2\]|The patch level|
|
||||
|BASH_VERSINFO\[3\]|The build version|
|
||||
|BASH_VERSINFO\[4\]|The release status (e.g., beta1)|
|
||||
|BASH_VERSINFO\[5\]|The value of `MACHTYPE`|
|
||||
|
||||
### BASH_VERSION
|
||||
|
||||
@ -316,13 +316,13 @@ current command, the value of this variable is equal to `${#COMP_LINE}`.
|
||||
Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
|
||||
attempted that caused a completion function to be called:
|
||||
|
||||
------- ---------------------------------------------------
|
||||
`TAB` normal completion
|
||||
`?` listing completions after successive tabs
|
||||
`!` listing alternatives on partial word completion
|
||||
`@` to list completions if the word is not unmodified
|
||||
`%` for menu completion
|
||||
------- ---------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|--|--|
|
||||
|--|--|
|
||||
|`TAB`|normal completion|
|
||||
|`?`|listing completions after successive tabs|
|
||||
|`!`|listing alternatives on partial word completion|
|
||||
|`@`|to list completions if the word is not unmodified|
|
||||
|`%`|for menu completion|
|
||||
|
||||
!!! warning "FIXME"
|
||||
where are the integer values?
|
||||
@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ selected with a variable starting with `LC_`.
|
||||
### LC_ALL
|
||||
|
||||
| Variable: |`LC_ALL` |Since: |unknown|
|
||||
-------------- ----------------- ------------ ---------
|
||||
| -------------- |----------------- |------------ |---------|
|
||||
| Type: |normal variable |Read-only: |no|
|
||||
| Set by Bash: |no |Default: |n/a|
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4
requirements.txt
Normal file
4
requirements.txt
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
|
||||
mkdocs-material
|
||||
mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin
|
||||
mkdocs-awesome-pages-plugin
|
||||
mkdocs-minify-plugin
|
||||
26
scripts/generate-diff-links.sh
Executable file
26
scripts/generate-diff-links.sh
Executable file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
#!/usr/bin/env bash
|
||||
|
||||
set -o errexit
|
||||
set -o nounset
|
||||
|
||||
GIT_HASH="${1:-50aeb31ff80e7bdde9b8edd50ab924e3791fe606}"
|
||||
|
||||
BASE_LOCAL_URL="http://127.0.0.1:8000/bash-hackers-wiki/"
|
||||
BASE_DEPLOY_URL="https://flokoe.github.io/bash-hackers-wiki/"
|
||||
BASE_ARCHIVE_URL="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127020427/https://wiki.bash-hackers.org/"
|
||||
|
||||
# Table Headers
|
||||
cat << EOF
|
||||
|Filename|Local Version|Deployed Version|Archive Version|
|
||||
|--|--|--|--|
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
|
||||
for file in $(git show --name-only "${GIT_HASH}" | grep md$); do
|
||||
filename_no_docs_prefix="${file#*docs/}"
|
||||
filename_no_ext="${filename_no_docs_prefix%.*}"
|
||||
echo "|"${filename_no_docs_prefix} \
|
||||
"|[${filename_no_ext}](${BASE_LOCAL_URL}${filename_no_ext})" \
|
||||
"|[${filename_no_ext}](${BASE_DEPLOY_URL}${filename_no_ext})" \
|
||||
"|[${filename_no_ext}](${BASE_ARCHIVE_URL}${filename_no_ext})|"
|
||||
done
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user