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[](bash4) \~\~DISCUSSION:off\~\~ ---
# hide: [navigation]
tags:
- bash
- shell
- linux
- scripting
---
# The Bash Hackers Wiki # The Bash Hackers Wiki
![](keywords>bash shell linux scripting) This wiki is intended to hold documentation of any kind about GNU Bash.
The main motivation was to provide *human-readable documentation* and information so users aren't forced to read every bit of the Bash manpage - which can be difficult to understand.
However, the docs here are **not** meant as a newbie tutorial.
Come visit us at <ircs://irc.libera.chat:6697> #bash ! \~ormaaj This wiki and any programs found in this wiki are free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
\<WRAP center round box 90%\> This wiki is intended to hold This wiki and its programs are distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
documentation of any kind about GNU Bash. The main motivation was to See the GNU General Public License for more details.
provide *human-readable documentation* and information so users aren\'t
forced to read every bit of the Bash manpage - which can be difficult to
understand. However, the docs here are **not** meant as a newbie
tutorial.
This wiki and any programs found in this wiki are free software: you can You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program.
redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General If not, see [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/).
Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either
version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This wiki and its programs are distributed in the hope that it will be [What would YOU like to see here?](wishes) (outdated and locked, please use the discussions)
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General
Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along **Stranger!** Feel free to comment or edit the contents on GitHub.
with this program. If not, see \<<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>\>. There is a [Bash Hackers Wiki needs love page](/meta/need_love) that lists some things to do.
[What would YOU like to see here?](wishes) (outdated and locked, please
use the discussions)
**Stranger!** [Feel free to
register](http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/start&do=register) and comment or
edit the contents. There is a [Bash Hackers Wiki needs love
page](/meta/need_love) that lists some things to do. The registration is
only there to prevent SPAM. \</WRAP\>
## Scripting and general information ## Scripting and general information
- [Bash v4 - a rough overview](bash4) (unmaintained, since Bash 4 is - [Bash v4 - a rough overview](bash4) (unmaintained, since Bash 4 is more or less standard)
more or less standard) - [style](/scripting/style) – an assorted collection of style and optic hints
- [style](/scripting/style) \-- an assorted collection of style and - [basics](/scripting/basics)
optic hints - [newbie_traps](/scripting/newbie_traps)
- [basics](/scripting/basics) - [bashbehaviour](/scripting/bashbehaviour)
- [newbie_traps](/scripting/newbie_traps) - [posparams](/scripting/posparams)
- [bashbehaviour](/scripting/bashbehaviour) - [processtree](/scripting/processtree)
- [posparams](/scripting/posparams) - [obsolete](/scripting/obsolete)
- [processtree](/scripting/processtree) - [nonportable](/scripting/nonportable)
- [obsolete](/scripting/obsolete) - [debuggingtips](/scripting/debuggingtips)
- [nonportable](/scripting/nonportable) - [terminalcodes](/scripting/terminalcodes)
- [debuggingtips](/scripting/debuggingtips) - [tutoriallist](/scripting/tutoriallist)
- [terminalcodes](/scripting/terminalcodes)
- [tutoriallist](/scripting/tutoriallist)
## Code snippets ## Code snippets
@ -58,347 +47,216 @@ There is a [section that holds small code snippets](/snipplets/start).
See also [some Bash source code excerpts](/misc/readthesourceluke). See also [some Bash source code excerpts](/misc/readthesourceluke).
## How to\.... ## How to
[Doing specific tasks: concepts, methods, ideas](/howto/start): [Doing specific tasks: concepts, methods, ideas](/howto/start):
- [Simple locking (against parallel run)](/howto/mutex) - [Simple locking (against parallel run)](/howto/mutex)
- [Rudimentary config files for your scripts](/howto/conffile) - [Rudimentary config files for your scripts](/howto/conffile)
- [Editing files with ed(1)](/howto/edit-ed) - [Editing files with ed](/howto/edit-ed)
- [Collapsing Functions](/howto/collapsing_functions) - [Collapsing Functions](/howto/collapsing_functions)
- [Illustrated Redirection Tutorial](/howto/redirection_tutorial) - [Illustrated Redirection Tutorial](/howto/redirection_tutorial)
- [Calculate with dc(1)](/howto/calculate-dc) - [Calculate with dc](/howto/calculate-dc)
- [Introduction to pax - the POSIX archiver](/howto/pax) - [Introduction to pax - the POSIX archiver](/howto/pax)
- [getopts_tutorial](/howto/getopts_tutorial) (*under construction!*) - [getopts_tutorial](/howto/getopts_tutorial) (*under construction!*)
- [dissectabadoneliner](/howto/dissectabadoneliner) An example of a - [dissectabadoneliner](/howto/dissectabadoneliner) An example of a bad oneliner, breakdown and fix (by `kojoro`)
bad oneliner, breakdown and fix (by `kojoro`) - [Write tests for ./your-script.sh](/howto/testing-your-scripts) by using bashtest util
- [Write tests for ./your-script.sh](/howto/testing-your-scripts) by
using bashtest util
## Bash syntax and operations ## Bash syntax and operations
- [Bash features overview by version](/scripting/bashchanges) - [Bash features overview by version](/scripting/bashchanges)
- [Basic grammar rules](/syntax/basicgrammar) - [Basic grammar rules](/syntax/basicgrammar)
- [Quoting and character escaping](/syntax/quoting) - [Quoting and character escaping](/syntax/quoting)
- [Parsing and execution](/syntax/grammar/parser_exec) - [Parsing and execution](/syntax/grammar/parser_exec)
- [Some words about words\...](/syntax/words) - [Some words about words...](/syntax/words)
- [Patterns and pattern matching](/syntax/pattern) - [Patterns and pattern matching](/syntax/pattern)
- [Arithmetic expressions](/syntax/arith_expr) - [Arithmetic expressions](/syntax/arith_expr)
- [List of shell options](/internals/shell_options) - [List of shell options](/internals/shell_options)
- [Redirection](/syntax/redirection) - [Redirection](/syntax/redirection)
- [Special parameters and shell variables](/syntax/shellvars) - [Special parameters and shell variables](/syntax/shellvars)
- [Arrays](/syntax/arrays) - [Arrays](/syntax/arrays)
\<WRAP column 40%\> ***[Compound commands]{.underline}*** ## Compound commands
**[Compound commands overview](/syntax/ccmd/intro)** | [Compound commands overview](/syntax/ccmd/intro) | |
------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
Grouping | **Grouping** | |
`{ ...; }` [command grouping](/syntax/ccmd/grouping_plain) | `{ ...; }` | [command grouping](/syntax/ccmd/grouping_plain) |
`( ... )` [command grouping in a subshell](/syntax/ccmd/grouping_subshell) | `( ... )` | [command grouping in a subshell](/syntax/ccmd/grouping_subshell) |
Conditionals | **Conditionals** | |
`[[ ... ]]` [conditional expression](/syntax/ccmd/conditional_expression) | `[[ ... ]]` | [conditional expression](/syntax/ccmd/conditional_expression) |
`if ...; then ...; fi` [conditional branching](/syntax/ccmd/if_clause) | `if ...; then ...; fi` | [conditional branching](/syntax/ccmd/if_clause) |
`case ... esac` [pattern-based branching](/syntax/ccmd/case) | `case ... esac` | [pattern-based branching](/syntax/ccmd/case) |
Loops | **Loops** | |
`for word in ...; do ...; done` [classic for-loop](/syntax/ccmd/classic_for) | `for word in ...; do ...; done` | [classic for-loop](/syntax/ccmd/classic_for) |
`for ((x=1; x<=10; x++)); do ...; done` [C-style for-loop](/syntax/ccmd/c_for) | `for ((x=1; x<=10; x++)); do ...; done` | [C-style for-loop](/syntax/ccmd/c_for) |
`while ...; do ...; done` [while loop](/syntax/ccmd/while_loop) | `while ...; do ...; done` | [while loop](/syntax/ccmd/while_loop) |
`until ...; do ...; done` [until loop](/syntax/ccmd/until_loop) | `until ...; do ...; done` | [until loop](/syntax/ccmd/until_loop) |
Misc | **Misc** | |
`(( ... ))` [arithmetic evaluation](/syntax/ccmd/arithmetic_eval) | `(( ... ))` | [arithmetic evaluation](/syntax/ccmd/arithmetic_eval) |
`select word in ...; do ...; done` [user selections](/syntax/ccmd/user_select) | `select word in ...; do ...; done` | [user selections](/syntax/ccmd/user_select) |
\</WRAP\> ## Expansions and substitutions
\<WRAP column 40%\> ***[Expansions and substitutions]{.underline}*** | [Introduction to expansions and substitutions](/syntax/expansion/intro) | |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------| ---------------------------------------------------- |
**[Introduction to expansions and substitutions](/syntax/expansion/intro)** | `{A,B,C} {A..C}` | [Brace expansion](/syntax/expansion/brace) |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ | `~/ ~root/` | [Tilde expansion](/syntax/expansion/tilde) |
`{A,B,C} {A..C}` [Brace expansion](/syntax/expansion/brace) | `$FOO ${BAR%.mp3}` | [Parameter expansion](/syntax/pe) |
`~/ ~root/` [Tilde expansion](/syntax/expansion/tilde) | `` `command` $(command) `` | [Command substitution](/syntax/expansion/cmdsubst) |
`$FOO ${BAR%.mp3}` [Parameter expansion](/syntax/pe) | `<(command) >(command)` | [Process substitution](/syntax/expansion/proc_subst) |
`` `command` $(command) `` [Command substitution](/syntax/expansion/cmdsubst) | `$((1 + 2 + 3)) $[4 + 5 + 6]` | [Arithmetic expansion](/syntax/expansion/arith) |
`<(command) >(command)` [Process substitution](/syntax/expansion/proc_subst) | `Hello <---> Word!` | [Word splitting](/syntax/expansion/wordsplit) |
`$((1 + 2 + 3)) $[4 + 5 + 6]` [Arithmetic expansion](/syntax/expansion/arith) | `/data/*-av/*.mp?` | [Pathname expansion](/syntax/expansion/globs) |
`Hello <---> Word!` [Word splitting](/syntax/expansion/wordsplit)
`/data/*-av/*.mp?` [Pathname expansion](/syntax/expansion/globs)
\</WRAP\> \<WRAP clear\>\</WRAP\>
## Builtin Commands ## Builtin Commands
This is a selection of builtin commands and command-like keywords, This is a selection of builtin commands and command-like keywords, loosely arranged by their common uses.
loosely arranged by their common uses. These are provided directly by These are provided directly by the shell, rather than invoked as standalone external commands.
the shell, rather than invoked as standalone external commands.
\<WRAP column 46%\> ### Declaration commands
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- !!! note
Declaration commands\ Alt Type Commands that set and query attributes/types, and manipulate simple datastructures.
\<wrap center round lo todo box 80%\>Commands that set and query attributes/types, and manipulate simple datastructures.\</wrap\>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------- -----------------
[declare](/commands/builtin/declare) Display or set shell variables or functions along with attributes. `typeset` builtin
[export](/commands/builtin/export) Display or set shell variables, also giving them the export attribute. `typeset -x` special builtin | Command | Description | Alt | Type |
| -------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------ | --------------- |
| [declare](/commands/builtin/declare) | Display or set shell variables or functions along with attributes. | `typeset` | builtin |
| [export](/commands/builtin/export) | Display or set shell variables, also giving them the export attribute. | `typeset -x` | special builtin |
| [eval](/commands/builtin/eval) | Evaluate arguments as shell code. | | special builtin |
| [local](/commands/builtin/local) | Declare variables as having function local scope. | | builtin |
| [readonly](/commands/builtin/readonly) | Mark variables or functions as read-only. | `typeset -r` | special builtin |
| [unset](/commands/builtin/unset) | Unset variables and functions. | | special builtin |
| [shift](/commands/builtin/shift) | Shift positional parameters | | special builtin |
[eval](/commands/builtin/eval) Evaluate arguments as shell code. \- special builtin ### IO
[local](/commands/builtin/local) Declare variables as having function local scope. \- builtin !!! note
Commands for reading/parsing input, or producing/formatting output of standard streams.
[readonly](/commands/builtin/readonly) Mark variables or functions as read-only. `typeset -r` special builtin | Command | Description | Alt | Type |
| ------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------- | ---------|
| [coproc](/syntax/keywords/coproc) | Co-processes: Run a command in the background with pipes for reading / writing its standard streams. | | keyword |
| [echo](/commands/builtin/echo) | Create output from arguments. | | builtin |
| [mapfile](/commands/builtin/mapfile) | Read lines of input into an array. | `readarray` | builtin |
| [printf](/commands/builtin/printf) | "advanced `echo`" | | builtin |
| [read](/commands/builtin/read) | Read input into variables or arrays, or split strings into fields using delimiters. | | builtin |
[unset](/commands/builtin/unset) Unset variables and functions. \- special builtin ### Configuration and Debugging
[shift](/commands/builtin/shift) Shift positional parameters \- special builtin !!! note
Commands that modify shell behavior, change special options, assist in debugging.
I/O\ Alt Type | Command | Description | Alt | Type |
\<wrap center round lo todo box 80%\>Commands for reading/parsing input, or producing/formatting output of standard streams.\</wrap\> | ---------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --- | --------------- |
| [caller](/commands/builtin/caller) | Identify/print execution frames. | | builtin |
| [set](/commands/builtin/set) | Set the positional parameters and/or set options that affect shell behaviour. | | special builtin |
| [shopt](/commands/builtin/shopt) | set/get some bash-specific shell options. | | builtin |
[coproc](/syntax/keywords/coproc) Co-processes: Run a command in the background with pipes for reading / writing its standard streams. \- keyword ### Control flow and data processing
[echo](/commands/builtin/echo) Create output from arguments. \- builtin !!! note
Commands that operate on data and/or affect control flow.
[mapfile](/commands/builtin/mapfile) Read lines of input into an array. `readarray` builtin | Command | Description | Alt | Type |
| --------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | -------- | --------------- |
| [colon](/commands/builtin/true) | "true" null command. | `true` | special builtin |
| [dot](/commands/builtin/source) | Source external files. | `source` | special builtin |
| [false](/commands/builtin/false) | Fail at doing nothing. | | builtin |
| [continue / break](/commands/builtin/continueBreak) | continue with or break out of loops. | | special builtin |
| [let](/commands/builtin/let) | Arithmetic evaluation simple command. | | builtin |
| [return](/commands/builtin/return) | Return from a function with a specified exit status. | | special builtin |
| [[]](/commands/classictest) | The classic `test` simple command. | `test` | builtin |
[printf](/commands/builtin/printf) \"advanced `echo`.\" \- builtin ### Process and Job control
[read](/commands/builtin/read) Read input into variables or arrays, or split strings into fields using delimiters. \- builtin !!! note
Commands related to jobs, signals, process groups, subshells.
Configuration and Debugging\ Alt Type | Command | Description | Alt | Type |
\<wrap center round lo todo box 80%\>Commands that modify shell behavior, change special options, assist in debugging.\</wrap\> | -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ | --- | --------------- |
| [exec](/commands/builtin/exec) | Replace the current shell process or set redirections. | | special builtin |
[caller](/commands/builtin/caller) Identify/print execution frames. \- builtin | [exit](/commands/builtin/exit) | Exit the shell. | | special builtin |
| [trap](/commands/builtin/trap) | Set signal handlers or output the current handlers. | | special builtin |
[set](/commands/builtin/set) Set the positional parameters and/or set options that affect shell behaviour. \- special builtin | [kill](/commands/builtin/kill) | Send a signal to specified process(es) | | builtin |
| [times](/commands/builtin/times) | Display process times. | | special builtin |
[shopt](/commands/builtin/shopt) set/get some bash-specific shell options. \- builtin | [wait](/commands/builtin/wait) | Wait for background jobs and asynchronous lists. | | builtin |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\</WRAP\>
\<WRAP column 46%\>
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Control flow and data processing\ Alt Type
\<wrap center round lo todo box 80%\>Commands that operate on data and/or affect control flow.\</wrap\>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- -------- -----------------
[colon](/commands/builtin/true) \"true\" null command. true special builtin
[dot](/commands/builtin/source) Source external files. source special builtin
[false](/commands/builtin/false) Fail at doing nothing. \- builtin
[continue / break](/commands/builtin/continueBreak) continue with or break out of loops. \- special builtin
[let](/commands/builtin/let) Arithmetic evaluation simple command. \- builtin
[return](/commands/builtin/return) Return from a function with a specified exit status. \- special builtin
[\[](/commands/classictest) The classic `test` simple command. test builtin
Process and Job control\ Alt Type
\<wrap center round lo todo box 80%\>Commands related to jobs, signals, process groups, subshells.\</wrap\>
[exec](/commands/builtin/exec) Replace the current shell process or set redirections. \- special builtin
[exit](/commands/builtin/exit) Exit the shell. \- special builtin
[kill](/commands/builtin/kill) Send a signal to specified process(es) \- builtin
[trap](/commands/builtin/trap) Set signal handlers or output the current handlers. \- special builtin
[times](/commands/builtin/times) Display process times. \- special builtin
[wait](/commands/builtin/wait) Wait for background jobs and asynchronous lists. \- builtin
Alt Type
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\</WRAP\> \<WRAP clear\>\</WRAP\> \<WRAP hide\> previous alphabetical
version \<WRAP column 40%\>
A-G
-------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[caller](/commands/builtin/caller) identify/print execution frames (Bash builtin)
[coproc](/syntax/keywords/coproc) Co-processes (Bash keyword)
[declare](/commands/builtin/declare) display or set shell variables or functions along with attributes (Bash builtin, synonym: `typeset`)
[exec](/commands/builtin/exec) replace the shell, set redirections (Bash builtin)
I-N
[let](/commands/builtin/let) arithmetic evaluation - an old fashioned way (Bash builtin)
[mapfile](/commands/builtin/mapfile) Mapping lines of input to an array, also named `readarray` (Bash builtin)
\</WRAP\>
\<WRAP column 40%\>
O-T
---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
[printf](/commands/builtin/printf) \"advanced `echo`\" (Bash builtin)
[read](/commands/builtin/read) getting input from `stdin` (Bash builtin)
[readonly](/commands/builtin/readonly) mark variables or functions as read-only (Bash builtin)
[set](/commands/builtin/set) control positional parameters and shell behaviour (Bash builtin)
[shopt](/commands/builtin/shopt) set/get shell options (Bash builtin)
[test](/commands/classictest) the classic `test` command (Bash builtin)
U-Z
[unset](/commands/builtin/unset) unset variables and functions (Bash builtin)
\</WRAP\> \<WRAP clear\>\</WRAP\> \</WRAP\>
## Dictionary ## Dictionary
\<note tip\>A list of expressions, words, and their meanings is A list of expressions, words, and their meanings is [here](/dict/index).
[here](/dict/index).\</note\>
## Links ## Links
### Official Bash links ### Official Bash links
- [Chet Ramey\'s Bash - [Chet Ramey's Bash page](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashtop.html) and its [FAQ](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/FAQ).
page](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashtop.html) and its - [GNU Bash software page](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/)
[FAQ](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/FAQ). - Official Bash mailing lists:
- [GNU Bash software page](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/) - **Bug reports**: <bug-bash@gnu.org> ([archives](http://mail.gnu.org/pipermail/bug-bash))
- Official Bash mailing lists: - **General questions**: <help-bash@gnu.org> ([archives](http://mail.gnu.org/pipermail/help-bash))
- **Bug reports**: <bug-bash@gnu.org> - Official Bash git repository:
([archives](http://mail.gnu.org/pipermail/bug-bash)) - **Browse**: [cgit](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git)
- **General questions**: <help-bash@gnu.org> - **Clone**: `git clone git.sv.gnu.org/srv/git/bash.git`
([archives](http://mail.gnu.org/pipermail/help-bash))
- Official Bash git repository:
- **Browse**: [cgit](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git)
- **Clone**: //<git://> ssh://git.sv.gnu.org/srv/git/bash.git •
//<ssh://> ssh://git.sv.gnu.org/srv/git/bash.git • //<http://>
http://git.savannah.gnu.org/r/bash.git
### Recommended Shell resources ### Recommended Shell resources
- [Greg\'s wiki](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/) - Greg Wooledge\'s (aka - [Greg's wiki](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/) - Greg Wooledge's (aka "greycat") wiki -- with **MASSIVE** information about Bash and UNIX(r) in general.
\"greycat\") wiki \-- with **MASSIVE** information about Bash and - [BashFAQ](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ) • [BashGuide](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashGuide) • [BashPitfalls](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls) • [BashSheet](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashSheet)
UNIX(r) in general. - [Sven Mascheck's pages](http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/) - A goldmine of information. A must-read.
- [BashFAQ](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ) • - [#ksh channel page](https://www.mirbsd.org/ksh-chan.htm) - #ksh Freenode channel page maintains a solid collection of recommended links.
[BashGuide](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashGuide) • - [The Grymoire Unix pages](http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/) - Good scripting information, especially read the [quoting](http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Quote.html) guide.
[BashPitfalls](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls) • - [Heiner's "Shell Dorado"](http://www.shelldorado.com) - Tips, tricks, links - for every situation.
[BashSheet](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashSheet) - [The Single Unix Specification (version 4, aka POSIX-2008)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/)
- [Sven Mascheck\'s pages](http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/) - A - [The Austin Group](http://www.opengroup.org/austin/) - [List archives](http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.comp.standards.posix.austin.general), [Bug tracker](http://austingroupbugs.net/main_page.php)
goldmine of information. A must-read. - [comp.unix.shell FAQ](http://cfajohnson.com/shell/cus-faq.html)
- [#ksh channel page](https://www.mirbsd.org/ksh-chan.htm) - #ksh - [Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide](https://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/index.html) - last update: 10 Mar 2014, but still very useful guide.
Freenode channel page maintains a solid collection of recommended
links.
- [The Grymoire Unix pages](http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/) - Good
scripting information, especially read the
[quoting](http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Quote.html) guide.
- [Heiner\'s \"Shell Dorado\"](http://www.shelldorado.com) - Tips,
tricks, links - for every situation.
- [The Single Unix Specification (version 4, aka
POSIX-2008)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/)
- [The Austin Group](http://www.opengroup.org/austin/) - [List
archives](http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.comp.standards.posix.austin.general),
[Bug tracker](http://austingroupbugs.net/main_page.php)
- [comp.unix.shell FAQ](http://cfajohnson.com/shell/cus-faq.html)
- [Advanced Bash-Scripting
Guide](https://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/index.html) - last update: 10
Mar 2014, but still very useful guide.
#### Documentation / Reference #### Documentation / Reference
- **Bash**: [man page](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bash.html) - **Bash**: [man page](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bash.html), [info page](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashref.html)
[info page](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashref.html) - **AT&T ksh**: [ksh88](http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh88.html), [ksh93](http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh.html)
- **AT&T ksh**: - [mksh](https://www.mirbsd.org/htman/i386/man1/mksh.htm) (pdksh successor)
[ksh88](http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh88.html) - [zsh](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/)
[ksh93](http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh.html) - [dash](http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/dash.1.html)
- [mksh](https://www.mirbsd.org/htman/i386/man1/mksh.htm) (pdksh - [Heirloom Bourne shell](http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/man/sh.1.html)
successor) - [Thompson shell](http://v6shell.org/man/osh.1.html)
- [zsh](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/)
- [dash](http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/dash.1.html)
- [Heirloom Bourne
shell](http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/man/sh.1.html)
- [Thompson shell](http://v6shell.org/man/osh.1.html)
### Assorted interesting links ### Assorted interesting links
- [History and development of the traditional Bourne shell - [History and development of the traditional Bourne shell family](http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/bourne/) - very interesting and nice to read!
family](http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/bourne/) - very interesting - [Interview with Chet Ramey](http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/222764/-z_programming_languages_bash_bourne-again_shell)
and nice to read! - [Interview with Steve Bourne](http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/a-z_programming_languages_sh) • [Stephen Bourne - BSDCan 2015 keynote](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kEJoWfobpA)
- [Interview with Chet - [Interview with David Korn](http://news.slashdot.org/story/01/02/06/2030205/david-korn-tells-all)
Ramey](http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/222764/-z_programming_languages_bash_bourne-again_shell) - [Kernighan on the Unix pipeline (computerphile video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKzonnwoR2I)
- [Interview with Steve - Linux in general, with some shell related stuff: [nixCraft: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials and Ideas](http://www.cyberciti.biz/)
Bourne](http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/a-z_programming_languages_sh) - Linux tutorials, guides and how-tos: [RoseHosting Blog](https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/), [bash script for installing WordPress](https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/script-install-wordpress-on-a-debianubuntu-vps/) and some [basic shell commands](https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/basic-shell-commands-after-putty-ssh-logon/)
• [Stephen Bourne - BSDCan 2015 - [Bashphorism list from the Bash IRC channel on Freenode](/misc/bashphorisms)
keynote](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kEJoWfobpA) - [Some more or less funny commandline stuff](/misc/shell_humor)
- [Interview with David - [How to Enable SSH on Ubuntu Tutorial](https://thishosting.rocks/how-to-enable-ssh-on-ubuntu/)
Korn](http://news.slashdot.org/story/01/02/06/2030205/david-korn-tells-all) - [How To Make an Awesome Custom Shell with ZSH](https://linuxstans.com/how-to-make-an-awesome-custom-shell-with-zsh/)
- [Kernighan on the Unix pipeline (computerphile
video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKzonnwoR2I)
- Linux in general, with some shell related stuff: [nixCraft: Linux
Tips, Hacks, Tutorials and Ideas](http://www.cyberciti.biz/)
- Linux tutorials, guides and how-tos: [RoseHosting
Blog](https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/), [bash script for
installing
WordPress](https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/script-install-wordpress-on-a-debianubuntu-vps/)
and some [basic shell
commands](https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/basic-shell-commands-after-putty-ssh-logon/)
- [Bashphorism list from the Bash IRC channel on
Freenode](/misc/bashphorisms)
- [Some more or less funny commandline stuff](/misc/shell_humor)
- [How to Enable SSH on Ubuntu
Tutorial](https://thishosting.rocks/how-to-enable-ssh-on-ubuntu/)
- [How To Make an Awesome Custom Shell with
ZSH](https://linuxstans.com/how-to-make-an-awesome-custom-shell-with-zsh/)
### Bash Libraries (needs review) ### Bash Libraries (needs review)
- [An oo-style bash library for bash - [An oo-style bash library for bash 4](http://sourceforge.net/projects/oobash/) - provides tools for rapid script development and huge libraries.
4](http://sourceforge.net/projects/oobash/) - provides tools for - [General purpose shell framework for bash 4](https://github.com/hornos/shf3) - in development.
rapid script development and huge libraries. - [General purpose bash library for bash 4](https://github.com/chilicuil/learn/blob/master/sh/lib) - active development
- [General purpose shell framework for bash
4](https://github.com/hornos/shf3) - in development.
- [General purpose bash library for bash
4](https://github.com/chilicuil/learn/blob/master/sh/lib) - active
development
\<div hide\>
## Most wanted
Statistics for Month: **April 2012**
-------------------------------------- ------- ------------------------------------------------------------
Rank Views Article
1 6833 [getopts_tutorial](/howto/getopts_tutorial) (March: 11663)
2 4025 [printf](/commands/builtin/printf) (March: 7079)
3 2861 [quoting](/syntax/quoting) (March: 5730)
4 2854 [classictest](/commands/classictest) (March: 6145)
5 2222 [pe](/syntax/pe) (March: 4540)
6 1760 [posparams](/scripting/posparams) (March: 3591)
7 1249 [bash4](bash4) (March: \--)
8 1212 [edit-ed](/howto/edit-ed) (March: 2727)
9 1205 [read](/commands/builtin/read) (March: \--)
10 1182 [mutex](/howto/mutex) (March: \--)
- \"Total visits\": 35144
- The overall \"start\" page is not counted
\</div\>
## Contact ## Contact
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\<WRAP column 40%\> ![](contact>subj=Wiki reader feedback) \</WRAP\>
\<WRAP clear\>\</WRAP\>

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