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[](bash4) \~\~DISCUSSION:off\~\~
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# The Bash Hackers Wiki
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||||||
|
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||||||
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Come visit us at <ircs://irc.libera.chat:6697> #bash ! \~ormaaj
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||||||
|
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||||||
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\<WRAP center round box 90%\> This wiki is intended to hold
|
||||||
|
documentation of any kind about GNU Bash. The main motivation was to
|
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|
provide *human-readable documentation* and information so users aren\'t
|
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|
forced to read every bit of the Bash manpage - which can be difficult to
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|
understand. However, the docs here are **not** meant as a newbie
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||||||
|
tutorial.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This wiki and any programs found in this wiki are free software: you can
|
||||||
|
redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General
|
||||||
|
Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either
|
||||||
|
version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This wiki and its programs are distributed in the hope that it will be
|
||||||
|
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
||||||
|
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General
|
||||||
|
Public License for more details.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
|
||||||
|
with this program. If not, see \<<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>\>.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[What would YOU like to see here?](wishes) (outdated and locked, please
|
||||||
|
use the discussions)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**Stranger!** [Feel free to
|
||||||
|
register](http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/start&do=register) and comment or
|
||||||
|
edit the contents. There is a [Bash Hackers Wiki needs love
|
||||||
|
page](/meta/need_love) that lists some things to do. The registration is
|
||||||
|
only there to prevent SPAM. \</WRAP\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Scripting and general information
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Bash v4 - a rough overview](bash4) (unmaintained, since Bash 4 is
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|
more or less standard)
|
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|
- [style](/scripting/style) \-- an assorted collection of style and
|
||||||
|
optic hints
|
||||||
|
- [basics](/scripting/basics)
|
||||||
|
- [newbie_traps](/scripting/newbie_traps)
|
||||||
|
- [bashbehaviour](/scripting/bashbehaviour)
|
||||||
|
- [posparams](/scripting/posparams)
|
||||||
|
- [processtree](/scripting/processtree)
|
||||||
|
- [obsolete](/scripting/obsolete)
|
||||||
|
- [nonportable](/scripting/nonportable)
|
||||||
|
- [debuggingtips](/scripting/debuggingtips)
|
||||||
|
- [terminalcodes](/scripting/terminalcodes)
|
||||||
|
- [tutoriallist](/scripting/tutoriallist)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Code snippets
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
There is a [section that holds small code snippets](/snipplets/start).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
See also [some Bash source code excerpts](/misc/readthesourceluke).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## How to\....
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Doing specific tasks: concepts, methods, ideas](/howto/start):
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Simple locking (against parallel run)](/howto/mutex)
|
||||||
|
- [Rudimentary config files for your scripts](/howto/conffile)
|
||||||
|
- [Editing files with ed(1)](/howto/edit-ed)
|
||||||
|
- [Collapsing Functions](/howto/collapsing_functions)
|
||||||
|
- [Illustrated Redirection Tutorial](/howto/redirection_tutorial)
|
||||||
|
- [Calculate with dc(1)](/howto/calculate-dc)
|
||||||
|
- [Introduction to pax - the POSIX archiver](/howto/pax)
|
||||||
|
- [getopts_tutorial](/howto/getopts_tutorial) (*under construction!*)
|
||||||
|
- [dissectabadoneliner](/howto/dissectabadoneliner) An example of a
|
||||||
|
bad oneliner, breakdown and fix (by `kojoro`)
|
||||||
|
- [Write tests for ./your-script.sh](/howto/testing-your-scripts) by
|
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|
using bashtest util
|
||||||
|
|
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|
## Bash syntax and operations
|
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|
|
||||||
|
- [Bash features overview by version](/scripting/bashchanges)
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|
- [Basic grammar rules](/syntax/basicgrammar)
|
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|
- [Quoting and character escaping](/syntax/quoting)
|
||||||
|
- [Parsing and execution](/syntax/grammar/parser_exec)
|
||||||
|
- [Some words about words\...](/syntax/words)
|
||||||
|
- [Patterns and pattern matching](/syntax/pattern)
|
||||||
|
- [Arithmetic expressions](/syntax/arith_expr)
|
||||||
|
- [List of shell options](/internals/shell_options)
|
||||||
|
- [Redirection](/syntax/redirection)
|
||||||
|
- [Special parameters and shell variables](/syntax/shellvars)
|
||||||
|
- [Arrays](/syntax/arrays)
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|
|
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|
\<WRAP column 40%\> ***[Compound commands]{.underline}***
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|
|
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|
**[Compound commands overview](/syntax/ccmd/intro)**
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|
------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------
|
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|
Grouping
|
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|
`{ ...; }` [command grouping](/syntax/ccmd/grouping_plain)
|
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|
`( ... )` [command grouping in a subshell](/syntax/ccmd/grouping_subshell)
|
||||||
|
Conditionals
|
||||||
|
`[[ ... ]]` [conditional expression](/syntax/ccmd/conditional_expression)
|
||||||
|
`if ...; then ...; fi` [conditional branching](/syntax/ccmd/if_clause)
|
||||||
|
`case ... esac` [pattern-based branching](/syntax/ccmd/case)
|
||||||
|
Loops
|
||||||
|
`for word in ...; do ...; done` [classic for-loop](/syntax/ccmd/classic_for)
|
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|
`for ((x=1; x<=10; x++)); do ...; done` [C-style for-loop](/syntax/ccmd/c_for)
|
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|
`while ...; do ...; done` [while loop](/syntax/ccmd/while_loop)
|
||||||
|
`until ...; do ...; done` [until loop](/syntax/ccmd/until_loop)
|
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|
Misc
|
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|
`(( ... ))` [arithmetic evaluation](/syntax/ccmd/arithmetic_eval)
|
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|
`select word in ...; do ...; done` [user selections](/syntax/ccmd/user_select)
|
||||||
|
|
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|
\</WRAP\>
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||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\<WRAP column 40%\> ***[Expansions and substitutions]{.underline}***
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||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**[Introduction to expansions and substitutions](/syntax/expansion/intro)**
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|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
|
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|
`{A,B,C} {A..C}` [Brace expansion](/syntax/expansion/brace)
|
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|
`~/ ~root/` [Tilde expansion](/syntax/expansion/tilde)
|
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|
`$FOO ${BAR%.mp3}` [Parameter expansion](/syntax/pe)
|
||||||
|
`` `command` $(command) `` [Command substitution](/syntax/expansion/cmdsubst)
|
||||||
|
`<(command) >(command)` [Process substitution](/syntax/expansion/proc_subst)
|
||||||
|
`$((1 + 2 + 3)) $[4 + 5 + 6]` [Arithmetic expansion](/syntax/expansion/arith)
|
||||||
|
`Hello <---> Word!` [Word splitting](/syntax/expansion/wordsplit)
|
||||||
|
`/data/*-av/*.mp?` [Pathname expansion](/syntax/expansion/globs)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\</WRAP\> \<WRAP clear\>\</WRAP\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Builtin Commands
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This is a selection of builtin commands and command-like keywords,
|
||||||
|
loosely arranged by their common uses. These are provided directly by
|
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|
the shell, rather than invoked as standalone external commands.
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||||||
|
|
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|
\<WRAP column 46%\>
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||||||
|
|
||||||
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
Declaration commands\ Alt Type
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||||||
|
\<wrap center round lo todo box 80%\>Commands that set and query attributes/types, and manipulate simple datastructures.\</wrap\>
|
||||||
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------- -----------------
|
||||||
|
[declare](/commands/builtin/declare) Display or set shell variables or functions along with attributes. `typeset` builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[export](/commands/builtin/export) Display or set shell variables, also giving them the export attribute. `typeset -x` special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[eval](/commands/builtin/eval) Evaluate arguments as shell code. \- special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[local](/commands/builtin/local) Declare variables as having function local scope. \- builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[readonly](/commands/builtin/readonly) Mark variables or functions as read-only. `typeset -r` special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[unset](/commands/builtin/unset) Unset variables and functions. \- special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[shift](/commands/builtin/shift) Shift positional parameters \- special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
I/O\ Alt Type
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|
\<wrap center round lo todo box 80%\>Commands for reading/parsing input, or producing/formatting output of standard streams.\</wrap\>
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|
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[coproc](/syntax/keywords/coproc) Co-processes: Run a command in the background with pipes for reading / writing its standard streams. \- keyword
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[echo](/commands/builtin/echo) Create output from arguments. \- builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[mapfile](/commands/builtin/mapfile) Read lines of input into an array. `readarray` builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[printf](/commands/builtin/printf) \"advanced `echo`.\" \- builtin
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|
|
||||||
|
[read](/commands/builtin/read) Read input into variables or arrays, or split strings into fields using delimiters. \- builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Configuration and Debugging\ Alt Type
|
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|
\<wrap center round lo todo box 80%\>Commands that modify shell behavior, change special options, assist in debugging.\</wrap\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[caller](/commands/builtin/caller) Identify/print execution frames. \- builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[set](/commands/builtin/set) Set the positional parameters and/or set options that affect shell behaviour. \- special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[shopt](/commands/builtin/shopt) set/get some bash-specific shell options. \- builtin
|
||||||
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
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|
|
||||||
|
\</WRAP\>
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||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\<WRAP column 46%\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||||
|
Control flow and data processing\ Alt Type
|
||||||
|
\<wrap center round lo todo box 80%\>Commands that operate on data and/or affect control flow.\</wrap\>
|
||||||
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- -------- -----------------
|
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|
[colon](/commands/builtin/true) \"true\" null command. true special builtin
|
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|
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||||||
|
[dot](/commands/builtin/source) Source external files. source special builtin
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|
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||||||
|
[false](/commands/builtin/false) Fail at doing nothing. \- builtin
|
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|
|
||||||
|
[continue / break](/commands/builtin/continueBreak) continue with or break out of loops. \- special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[let](/commands/builtin/let) Arithmetic evaluation simple command. \- builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[return](/commands/builtin/return) Return from a function with a specified exit status. \- special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[\[](/commands/classictest) The classic `test` simple command. test builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Process and Job control\ Alt Type
|
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|
\<wrap center round lo todo box 80%\>Commands related to jobs, signals, process groups, subshells.\</wrap\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[exec](/commands/builtin/exec) Replace the current shell process or set redirections. \- special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[exit](/commands/builtin/exit) Exit the shell. \- special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[kill](/commands/builtin/kill) Send a signal to specified process(es) \- builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[trap](/commands/builtin/trap) Set signal handlers or output the current handlers. \- special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[times](/commands/builtin/times) Display process times. \- special builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[wait](/commands/builtin/wait) Wait for background jobs and asynchronous lists. \- builtin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Alt Type
|
||||||
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\</WRAP\> \<WRAP clear\>\</WRAP\> \<WRAP hide\> previous alphabetical
|
||||||
|
version \<WRAP column 40%\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
A-G
|
||||||
|
-------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
[caller](/commands/builtin/caller) identify/print execution frames (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
[coproc](/syntax/keywords/coproc) Co-processes (Bash keyword)
|
||||||
|
[declare](/commands/builtin/declare) display or set shell variables or functions along with attributes (Bash builtin, synonym: `typeset`)
|
||||||
|
[exec](/commands/builtin/exec) replace the shell, set redirections (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
I-N
|
||||||
|
[let](/commands/builtin/let) arithmetic evaluation - an old fashioned way (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
[mapfile](/commands/builtin/mapfile) Mapping lines of input to an array, also named `readarray` (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\</WRAP\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\<WRAP column 40%\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
O-T
|
||||||
|
---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
[printf](/commands/builtin/printf) \"advanced `echo`\" (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
[read](/commands/builtin/read) getting input from `stdin` (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
[readonly](/commands/builtin/readonly) mark variables or functions as read-only (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
[set](/commands/builtin/set) control positional parameters and shell behaviour (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
[shopt](/commands/builtin/shopt) set/get shell options (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
[test](/commands/classictest) the classic `test` command (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
U-Z
|
||||||
|
[unset](/commands/builtin/unset) unset variables and functions (Bash builtin)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\</WRAP\> \<WRAP clear\>\</WRAP\> \</WRAP\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Dictionary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\<note tip\>A list of expressions, words, and their meanings is
|
||||||
|
[here](/dict/index).\</note\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Links
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Official Bash links
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Chet Ramey\'s Bash
|
||||||
|
page](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashtop.html) and its
|
||||||
|
[FAQ](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/FAQ).
|
||||||
|
- [GNU Bash software page](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/)
|
||||||
|
- Official Bash mailing lists:
|
||||||
|
- **Bug reports**: <bug-bash@gnu.org>
|
||||||
|
([archives](http://mail.gnu.org/pipermail/bug-bash))
|
||||||
|
- **General questions**: <help-bash@gnu.org>
|
||||||
|
([archives](http://mail.gnu.org/pipermail/help-bash))
|
||||||
|
- Official Bash git repository:
|
||||||
|
- **Browse**: [cgit](http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git)
|
||||||
|
- **Clone**: //<git://> ssh://git.sv.gnu.org/srv/git/bash.git •
|
||||||
|
//<ssh://> ssh://git.sv.gnu.org/srv/git/bash.git • //<http://>
|
||||||
|
http://git.savannah.gnu.org/r/bash.git
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Recommended Shell resources
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Greg\'s wiki](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/) - Greg Wooledge\'s (aka
|
||||||
|
\"greycat\") wiki \-- with **MASSIVE** information about Bash and
|
||||||
|
UNIX(r) in general.
|
||||||
|
- [BashFAQ](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ) •
|
||||||
|
[BashGuide](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashGuide) •
|
||||||
|
[BashPitfalls](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashPitfalls) •
|
||||||
|
[BashSheet](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashSheet)
|
||||||
|
- [Sven Mascheck\'s pages](http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/) - A
|
||||||
|
goldmine of information. A must-read.
|
||||||
|
- [#ksh channel page](https://www.mirbsd.org/ksh-chan.htm) - #ksh
|
||||||
|
Freenode channel page maintains a solid collection of recommended
|
||||||
|
links.
|
||||||
|
- [The Grymoire Unix pages](http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/) - Good
|
||||||
|
scripting information, especially read the
|
||||||
|
[quoting](http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Quote.html) guide.
|
||||||
|
- [Heiner\'s \"Shell Dorado\"](http://www.shelldorado.com) - Tips,
|
||||||
|
tricks, links - for every situation.
|
||||||
|
- [The Single Unix Specification (version 4, aka
|
||||||
|
POSIX-2008)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/)
|
||||||
|
- [The Austin Group](http://www.opengroup.org/austin/) - [List
|
||||||
|
archives](http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.comp.standards.posix.austin.general),
|
||||||
|
[Bug tracker](http://austingroupbugs.net/main_page.php)
|
||||||
|
- [comp.unix.shell FAQ](http://cfajohnson.com/shell/cus-faq.html)
|
||||||
|
- [Advanced Bash-Scripting
|
||||||
|
Guide](https://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/index.html) - last update: 10
|
||||||
|
Mar 2014, but still very useful guide.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Documentation / Reference
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- **Bash**: [man page](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bash.html)
|
||||||
|
[info page](http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashref.html)
|
||||||
|
- **AT&T ksh**:
|
||||||
|
[ksh88](http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh88.html)
|
||||||
|
[ksh93](http://www2.research.att.com/sw/download/man/man1/ksh.html)
|
||||||
|
- [mksh](https://www.mirbsd.org/htman/i386/man1/mksh.htm) (pdksh
|
||||||
|
successor)
|
||||||
|
- [zsh](http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/)
|
||||||
|
- [dash](http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/dash.1.html)
|
||||||
|
- [Heirloom Bourne
|
||||||
|
shell](http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/man/sh.1.html)
|
||||||
|
- [Thompson shell](http://v6shell.org/man/osh.1.html)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Assorted interesting links
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [History and development of the traditional Bourne shell
|
||||||
|
family](http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/bourne/) - very interesting
|
||||||
|
and nice to read!
|
||||||
|
- [Interview with Chet
|
||||||
|
Ramey](http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/222764/-z_programming_languages_bash_bourne-again_shell)
|
||||||
|
- [Interview with Steve
|
||||||
|
Bourne](http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/a-z_programming_languages_sh)
|
||||||
|
• [Stephen Bourne - BSDCan 2015
|
||||||
|
keynote](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kEJoWfobpA)
|
||||||
|
- [Interview with David
|
||||||
|
Korn](http://news.slashdot.org/story/01/02/06/2030205/david-korn-tells-all)
|
||||||
|
- [Kernighan on the Unix pipeline (computerphile
|
||||||
|
video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKzonnwoR2I)
|
||||||
|
- Linux in general, with some shell related stuff: [nixCraft: Linux
|
||||||
|
Tips, Hacks, Tutorials and Ideas](http://www.cyberciti.biz/)
|
||||||
|
- Linux tutorials, guides and how-tos: [RoseHosting
|
||||||
|
Blog](https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/), [bash script for
|
||||||
|
installing
|
||||||
|
WordPress](https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/script-install-wordpress-on-a-debianubuntu-vps/)
|
||||||
|
and some [basic shell
|
||||||
|
commands](https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/basic-shell-commands-after-putty-ssh-logon/)
|
||||||
|
- [Bashphorism list from the Bash IRC channel on
|
||||||
|
Freenode](/misc/bashphorisms)
|
||||||
|
- [Some more or less funny commandline stuff](/misc/shell_humor)
|
||||||
|
- [How to Enable SSH on Ubuntu
|
||||||
|
Tutorial](https://thishosting.rocks/how-to-enable-ssh-on-ubuntu/)
|
||||||
|
- [How To Make an Awesome Custom Shell with
|
||||||
|
ZSH](https://linuxstans.com/how-to-make-an-awesome-custom-shell-with-zsh/)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Bash Libraries (needs review)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [An oo-style bash library for bash
|
||||||
|
4](http://sourceforge.net/projects/oobash/) - provides tools for
|
||||||
|
rapid script development and huge libraries.
|
||||||
|
- [General purpose shell framework for bash
|
||||||
|
4](https://github.com/hornos/shf3) - in development.
|
||||||
|
- [General purpose bash library for bash
|
||||||
|
4](https://github.com/chilicuil/learn/blob/master/sh/lib) - active
|
||||||
|
development
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\<div hide\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Most wanted
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Statistics for Month: **April 2012**
|
||||||
|
-------------------------------------- ------- ------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
Rank Views Article
|
||||||
|
1 6833 [getopts_tutorial](/howto/getopts_tutorial) (March: 11663)
|
||||||
|
2 4025 [printf](/commands/builtin/printf) (March: 7079)
|
||||||
|
3 2861 [quoting](/syntax/quoting) (March: 5730)
|
||||||
|
4 2854 [classictest](/commands/classictest) (March: 6145)
|
||||||
|
5 2222 [pe](/syntax/pe) (March: 4540)
|
||||||
|
6 1760 [posparams](/scripting/posparams) (March: 3591)
|
||||||
|
7 1249 [bash4](bash4) (March: \--)
|
||||||
|
8 1212 [edit-ed](/howto/edit-ed) (March: 2727)
|
||||||
|
9 1205 [read](/commands/builtin/read) (March: \--)
|
||||||
|
10 1182 [mutex](/howto/mutex) (March: \--)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- \"Total visits\": 35144
|
||||||
|
- The overall \"start\" page is not counted
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\</div\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Contact
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\<WRAP column 40%\> Visit us in <ircs://irc.libera.chat:6697>, channel
|
||||||
|
`#bash` ;-)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If you have critiques or suggestions, please feel free to send a mail
|
||||||
|
using the contact form on the right. Note that there is a simple
|
||||||
|
discussion option below every article.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Please also see the [imprint](/user/thebonsai/imprint) if you have
|
||||||
|
problems with the site and its contents (legality, \...)!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
It also would be nice to drop a line when
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- it helped you
|
||||||
|
- it didn\'t help you (something missing / unclear)
|
||||||
|
- you like it
|
||||||
|
- you don\'t like it
|
||||||
|
- you found mistakes / bugs
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Simply: Reader\'s feedback \</WRAP\>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\<WRAP column 40%\>  \</WRAP\>
|
||||||
|
\<WRAP clear\>\</WRAP\>
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user